雅思阅读答案24篇

时间:2023-08-28 15:30:03 来源:网友投稿

雅思阅读答案第1篇PASSAGE1参考译文:WilliamHenryPerkin合成染料的发明者WiliamHenryPerkin于1838年3月12日出生于英国伦敦。还是个小男孩儿的时候,Perki下面是小编为大家整理的雅思阅读答案24篇,供大家参考。

雅思阅读答案24篇

雅思阅读答案 第1篇

PASSAGE 1参考译文:

William Henry Perkin 合成染料的发明者

Wiliam Henry Perkin于1838年3月12日出生于英国伦敦。还是个小男孩儿的时候,Perkin的好奇心就早早激发了他对艺术、科学、摄影与工程的兴趣。但是一次偶然的机会,他发现已故祖父家有一个破旧但功能齐全的实验室,正是这个发现使得这位年轻人确定了他对化学的热情。

当Perkin就读于伦敦城市学院时,他开始沉浸于对化学的研究。他的老师Thomas Hall发现了他在化学方面的天赋与热忱,鼓励其参加皇家学院著名科学家Michael Faraday的一系列讲座。Faraday的讲座进一步激发了这位年轻化学家的热情,于是后来,在1853年,15岁的Perkin成功进入皇家化学学院学习。

在Perkin入学时,皇家化学学院的院长正是著名的德国化学家August Wilhelm Hofmann。Perkin的科学天赋很快引起了Hofmann的注意,不到两年他就成了Hofmann最年轻的助理。不久之后,Perkin就取得了一项能为他带来名誉和财富的科学突破。

当时,奎宁是唯一可以治疗疟疾的药物。这种药物是从原产自南美洲的金鸡纳树的树皮中提炼出来的,而在1856年奎宁经常供不应求。因此,当Hofmann随口提到想用合成药物来替代奎宁时,自然而然,他的得意门生Perkin马上承担起了这项重任。

1856年,Perkin整个假期都待在他家顶楼的实验室里。他试图利用苯胺这种廉价又易得的煤焦油废料来制造奎宁。虽然他尽了最大努力,他最终并没有制造出奎宁;但却制造出了一种神秘的黑色沉淀物。幸运的是,长期的科学训练与自身的天性使他对该沉淀物进行了深入的研究。在实验过程中的不同阶段,他把重铬酸钾和酒精加入苯胺中,最终他得到了一种深紫色的溶液。正如著名科学家Louis Pasteur所说,“机会总是垂青有准备的人”,Perkin意识到了他的意外发明拥有巨大的潜力。

历来,纺织染料都是由诸如植物与动物排泄物等的天然原料制成的,其中一些原料,比如蜗牛黏液, 很难获得,而且价格极其昂贵。事实上,从蜗牛身上提取出来的紫色染料曾经一度非常贵,在当时的社会条件下,只有富人才能买得起。此外,天然染料的颜色偏浑浊而且很快就会褪色。Perkin的发明正是在这种大背景下诞生的。

Perkin很快想到这种紫色溶液可以用到织物的染色中,由此使其成为世界上第一种合成染料。意识到这项突破的重要性后,Perkin立即为其申请专利。但是在Perkin对自己发明的各种反应中,最有趣的也许是他几乎本能地想到这种新染料具有商业潜力。

起初Perkin把他发明的染料命名为泰尔紫(Tyrian Purple),但是后来人们通常称其为木槿紫(mauve,法语中制造蓝紫色染料的植物的名字)。Perkin向苏格兰染料坊的老板Robert Pullar寻求建议,Pullar向他保证,如果这种颜色不会褪色,那么加工这种染料将大有“钱途”,而且成本相对低廉。因此,尽管他的导师Hofmann极力反对,Perkin还是离开了皇家学院,去为现代化学工业的诞生而奋斗了。

在父亲与兄弟的帮助下,Perkin在离伦敦不远的地方建立了一家工厂。1857年,他的染料坊开始生产世界上第一种合成染料,所用原料是廉价而充足的煤焦油,这种煤焦油是伦敦煤气路灯所产生的几乎无穷无尽的副产品。当法国皇后Eugenie看好这种新颜色后,Perkin的染料坊迎来了它的商业繁荣期。不久,木槿紫 就成了法国所有时尚女郎的必备品。英国女王Victoria也不甘示弱,身着木槿紫礼服出现在公共场合,这使得木槿紫在英国也风靡一时。这种染料颜色醒目、不易褪色,人们的需求越来越多,因此Perkin开始绘制新的蓝图。

虽然第一项发现使Perkin收获了名誉和财富,但是这位化学家仍然继续他的研究工作。他合成并给人们带来了众多其他颜色的染料,包括1859年合成的苯胺红、1863年合成的苯胺黑,以及19世纪60年代末期的帕金绿。值得注意的是,Perkin的合成染料的发明不仅为装饰领域作出了贡献,而且在医学研究的诸多方面也起到了至关重要的作用。比如合成染料预先被用于给肉眼看不见的微生物与细菌上色,这就使研究者能够辨别诸如肺结核、霍乱和炭疽之类的病菌。如今,人工合成染料还在继续发挥着至关重要的作用。而且,最应该让Perkin感到欣慰的是,合成染料目前正在被用于研究治疗疟疾的疫苗。

TEST 1 PASSAGE 2 参考译文:

外星有生命存在吗?

——搜寻外星文明计划

人类是否是宇宙中唯一存在的生命这个问题已经困扰我们几百年了,然而随着搜索来自其他智慧文明的无线电信号,现在我们或许离这个问题的答案已经不远了。这项也被称为SETI (search for extra?terrestrial intelligence, 搜寻外星文明)的计划进行起来非常困难。虽然世界各地的团体已经断断续续地搜寻了三十多年,然而直到现在,我们所达到的技术水平才允许我们下定决心去尝试搜寻附近所有附近星球上的任何生命迹象。

A 人类之所以搜索无线电信号,主要是出于一种基本的好奇心,正是这种对大自然的好奇心推动了所有纯科学的发展。我们想知道人类是否是宇宙中唯一存在的生命。我们想知道在适宜的条件下,生命是否会自然形成。我们还想知道地球上是否存在某种特殊的物质,孕育了那些我们司空见惯的各种形式的生命体。只需监测一下无线电信号,这些最根本的问题就能够得到充分解答。从这种意义上来说,SETI 是纯科学系统发展的又一个重要推动力,而纯科学正不断拓宽着人类的知识范围。然而,人类之所以对其他地方是否存在生命这件事感兴趣,还有其他原因。比如,我们地球上的文明历史只有寥寥数千年,而过去几十年的核战争与污染的威胁告诉人类,我们的生命也许很脆弱。我们还能再延续两千年吗?还是将自我灭绝呢?既然像地球这样的星球拥有数十亿年的寿命,我们可以猜想,如果银河系中确实还有其他文明存在,那么它们的历史可能从零到数十亿年不等。因此,如果我们收到其他文明的信号,那它们的平均历史很有可能比人类历史长得多。只要这种文明存在,就说明生命是有可能长期存活的,同时也会带给我们一个保持乐观的理由。这些更古老的文明甚至有可能将其在应对生存威胁过程中积累下来的有益经验传授给我们,例如如何应对核战争与全球污染带来的威胁,以及如何应对其他我们尚未发现的潜在威胁。

B 在探讨我们是否是宇宙中唯一存在的生命时,大多数SETI的科学家遵循两个基本原则。第一,UFOs (不明飞行物) 通常不在考虑范围内,因为大多数科学家认为UFO的存在缺乏确凿的证据,不做慎重考虑(尽管保持开放的思想也很重要,同时以防将来会出现令人信服的(关于UFO的)证据)。第二,我们保守地假定我们正在搜寻的生命形式和人类非常相似,如果完全不同,那么我们可能不会把它看作是一种生命形式,更不用说能否与它进行交流了。换句话说,我们正在搜寻的生命形式也许会有两个绿色的脑袋和七根手指,但是它们和人类一样,能与同伴进行交流、对宇宙充满兴趣、生活在一个围绕恒星公转的星球上,就像地球绕着太阳转一样。也许更严格地说,它们和我们一样,由基本的化学物质碳和水构成。

C 即使做出了这些假设,我们对其他生命形式的了解还是非常有限。比如,我们甚至不知道多少颗恒星有行星围绕,当然,我们也不知道在适宜的条件下,生命自然形成的可能性有多大。然而,当我们观测银河系中的1000亿颗恒星和可见宇宙中的1000亿个星系的时候,很难相信这些恒星中没有一个有生命存在。事实上,凭借我们仅有的一点对碳基生命的了解,我们所能做出的最有根据的推测是,或许每十万个恒星中的一个会有孕育着生命的行星围绕着它运转。这意味着我们最近的邻居离我们也许只有100 光年,从天文学角度来讲,这几乎就相当于和隔壁邻居的距离了。

D 外星文明可以选择多种不同的方式在银河系中发送信息,但是许多方式要么需要消耗过多的能量,要么在银河系中长距离传播时严重衰减。事实证明,在发射功率一定的情况下,频率在1000到3000兆赫 之间的无线电波传播的距离最远,所以到目前为止,我们主要在搜寻这个频率范围的无线电波。迄今为止,世界各地已经有许多不同的团体进行了多次搜寻,包括澳大利亚在新南威尔士的帕克斯用无线电天文望远镜进行的搜寻。直到现在,在已经搜寻过的几百个恒星中还没有任何发现。1992年,美国国会计划在以后的十年里每年为美国国家航空航天局投资1000万美元,用于对外星生命进行彻底搜寻。从那时起,搜寻的规模便开始大幅增加。项目中的很多资金用于开发可以同时搜索多个频率的特殊硬件 上。该项目分为两个部分,一部分是利用世界上最大的无线电天文望远镜进行有针对性的搜寻,分别通过位于波多黎各阿雷西沃港的、由美国操作的望远镜和位于法国南锡的、由法国操作的望远镜来完成。

这部分项目在距离最近的有可能接收到信号的1000颗活跃恒星中,对1000到3000兆赫的频率进行搜索。该项目的另一部分是利用美国国家航空航天局深空网的小天线进行不定向搜寻,监控所有不太活跃的宇宙空间。

E 如果我们真的发现了来自外星文明的信号,我们应该如何回应呢?这是一个备受争议的问题。所有人都认为我们不应该立即作出回应。且不说要马上向如此遥远的地方发出回应是多么不切实际,这还会引发一系列的民族问题,这些问题在回应被发出去之前必须由国际社会联合解决。如果面对一种更优越、更古老的文明,人类会不会面临着文化冲击呢?幸运的是,我们不需要立即作出回应,因为被搜寻的恒星离我们有数百光年之远,它们的信号到达我们这里需要数百年的时间,而我们作出的回应到达这些恒星又需要花上数百年。就这一点而言,当人类在争论是否要作出回应时,或者在精心起草回应内容的时候,再耽误个几年甚至几十年也没关系。

TEST 1 PASSAGE 3 参考译文:

乌龟的进化史

如果追溯到远古时代,那时一切生物都生活在水里。在进化史的不同时期,各个动物种群中都有一些胆大的开始向陆地迁徙,有的甚至跑到了非常干旱的沙漠里,这些生物的血液与细胞液里还储存着曾经所生活海域里的海水。除了我们周围随处可见的爬行动物、鸟类、哺乳动物和昆虫以外,其他成功登陆的生物还包括蝎子、蜗牛和潮虫、陆蟹、千足虫、蜈蚣等甲壳类动物,还有蜘蛛及各种虫子。当然还有植物,如杲没有它们率先登陆,其他任何生物都不可能在陆地上生存。

从水里转移到陆地上使这些生物在方方面面都发生了巨大变化,包括呼吸和繁殖方式。然而,一大批动物彻底在陆地上安家后,却忽然回心转意,放弃了来之不易的陆上新生活,又重新回到了水中。海豹只恢复了部分水中生活的特征,向我们展示了演变过程中半成品的模样,而成品则是如鲸鱼和儒艮这样纯粹的海洋生物。鲸鱼(包括我们称作海豚的小鲸鱼)和儒艮,与它们的同类动物海牛一样不再是陆地动物,而是完全恢复了与老祖先一样的海洋生活习惯,它们甚至都不上岸繁殖。它们虽然仍呼吸空气,却没有进化出类似于鳃这样的早期海洋生物的器官。海龟在很早以前就回到了水中,和其他返回水中的脊椎动物一 样,它们也需要呼吸空气,但是却没有像鲸鱼和儒艮那样完全返回水中,这体现在一个方面——海龟仍然在海滩上产卵。

有证据表明,所有现代海龟的祖先都曾经生活在陆地上,比大多数恐龙在陆地上出现的时间还要早。

有两种可以追溯到恐龙时代早期的重要化石,分别是Proganochelys quenstedti (原颚龟化石)和 Potoeocfeersis tatompayewsis(古老的陆地龟化石),它们与所有现代海龟和乌龟的祖先最为接近。你可能会问,我们是如何通过动物化石来判断它们是生活在水中还是陆地上的,尤其当我们只找到一些化石碎片的时候。有时候这个问题的答案很明显。鱼龙是与恐龙同时代的爬行动物,它有鱼鳍和流线型的身体。鱼龙化石看起来像海豚,它们确实和海豚一样曾经在水中生活。海龟在这一点上则没有这么明显。判断动物水生还是陆生的方法之一就是对它们前肢的骨骼进行检测。

耶鲁大学的Watter Joyce和Jacques Gauthier从三个方面对71种活的海龟和乌龟的特有骨骼进行了检测。他们用一种三角坐标纸分别标记了这三个方面的检测结果。所有陆栖乌龟的数据在三角坐标的上半部分形成了一簇密集的点,而所有水栖海龟的数据集中于下半部分。两部分数据没有重叠,除非在其中增加一些水陆两栖乌龟的检测结果。当然,这些数据出现在接近三角坐标中间的位置,位于水栖海龟与陆栖乌龟的坐标点之间。下一步就是确定具体的位置。毫无疑问, quenstedti与 totompayewsis的坐标点正好位于陆栖乌龟的坐标点最密集的地方。这两种化石都是陆栖乌龟化石,而且都生存在海龟返回水里之前的时代。

也许你会认为,现代的陆栖乌龟可能自从早期有陆地生物以来就一直生活在陆地上,就像除了少数哺乳动物返回水中以外,大多数哺乳动物还在陆地上生活一样。但事实显然不是这样的。如果你画出所有现代海龟与乌龟的家谱图,会发现几乎所有的龟类分支都属于水栖动物。而现代的陆栖乌龟单独形成一个分支,穿插在水栖海龟的分支中。这说明自 quenstedti与 talampayensis的时代以来,现代的陆栖乌龟并没有一直在陆地上生活。更确切地说,它们的祖先曾经返回水中,只是在(相对)较近的年代又回到了陆地上。

因此很明显,乌龟曾往返于水中和陆地上生存。与所有的哺乳动物、爬行动物和鸟类一样,乌龟的老祖先是海洋中的鱼类。再向前追溯,它们也是海洋中类似蠕虫生物的原始细菌。后来,乌龟的祖先来到陆地 上并持续生活了相当长的年代,但后来又回到了水中,成为了水栖海龟。直到最后,它们再一次回到陆地上,成为陆龟,其中有一些甚至生活在干旱的沙漠中。

雅思阅读答案 第2篇

PASSAGE 1 参考译文:

帮助新西兰听觉障碍儿童

A儿童的听觉障碍或其他听觉功能的缺陷会对他们的言语与交流能力的发展产生重大的影响,导致他们在学校的学习能力也受到不利影响。这对个人甚至全体人民来讲都很可能会产生重大后果。新西兰卫生部从一项进行了 20多年的研究中发现该国有6%到10%的孩子有听觉障碍。

B新西兰的一项初步研究显示,教室噪音是老师和学生关注的一大问题。现代教学实践活动、教室中课桌的布局、糟糕的音响效果以及空调通风口产生的噪音,都使许多孩子无法听清老师所讲的内容。教育研究者Nelson与Soli也表明,现代学习方式中多种思想与方法协作交互获取信息与个人获取信息同等重要。而这一切都意味着活动量与噪音级别的增加,这对患有听觉功能障碍的孩子产生的潜在影响尤为严重。教室噪音只会加重他们在与同学进行语言沟通时的误解,并且使他们无法很好地理解教师的指示。

C教室噪音使患有听觉缺陷的孩子在学习中不能发挥他们的最大潜能。在典型的课堂环境中,噪音对孩子们髙效学习能力的影响越来越受到人们的关注。在世界卫生组织的建议下,国际噪声控制工程学会 (I-INCE)成立了一个国际工作小组来评估学校教室噪音与回声控制,新西兰也是小组成员。

D虽然教室噪音不只会给残疾孩子带来不利影响,但是那些在语言沟通方面有障碍的孩子们显然是更大的受害者。所谓的听觉功能缺陷包括听觉障碍、自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)和注意力缺陷障碍(ADD/ ADHD,也称“注意力缺乏症”)。

E自闭症被认为是一种由神经系统与遗产基因紊乱引起的终生疾病,患者在处理信息时会产生偏差。这种疾病的特点是社会想象力、社会交往与社会互动之间出现了问题。根据Janzen的说法,这种疾病影响 了人们的多种能力:比如以正常方式理解并与他人相处的能力、了解事件及其周遭事物的能力,以及理解或回应感官刺激的能力。自闭症患者不能像正常发展的孩子那样学习或思考。自闭症谱系障碍往往使患者在理解口头信息与语言处理方面遇到极大的困难。患者也往往会觉得喧闹的噪音以及机器发出的声音让自己感到痛苦与压抑。这很难进行科学量化,因为这种额外的感官刺激因患者的不同而有很大的差异。但是当一个孩子觉得在教室里或学习的地方中的任何声音都让自己闹心的话,那么他处理信息的能力很可能也会受到不利影响。

F注意力缺乏症表现为神经与基因障碍。这种障碍的特点是患者很难持续关注某事、很难长时间努力与坚持、缺乏组织能力并且无法抑制解除。患有注意力缺乏症的孩子很难筛选出不重要的信息,他们会关注所处环境中所有的事物而非仅仅一个活动。教室里的背景噪音成为分散孩子们注意力的一个主要原因。

G面对较高级别的背景噪音,患有听觉功能障碍的孩子经常很难分辨与处理言语和交流。这些噪音有的是传入教室中的室外活动的声音,也有的是教学活动的声音以及教室内产生的其他噪音,而且教室中的反射使这些噪音增大。因此,需要采取措施来获得最佳的课堂建设,也许还需要改变课堂文化与教学方法,特别要彻底检查吵闹的课堂与活动给患有听觉功能障碍的孩子带来的影响。也许有很多未确诊的孩子带着“无形”的残疾接受教育,他们的需求不像已确诊的孩子的需求那样容易被人察觉。

H新西兰政府已经制定出一项“新西兰残疾人事业发展战略”,并开始进入广泛咨询意见的阶段。该战略认同残疾人在世俗观念、教育机会、就业机会以及所享服务方面,均很难享有高质量的生活。“新西兰残疾人事业发展战略”的第三个目标是通过改善教育,“为残疾人提供最好的教育”,这样所有的孩子、 青年学生以及成年学者将会在他们当地已有的学校里享有平等的学习与发展机会。对于成功的教育而言,学习环境是非常重要的。因此,任何改善学习环境的努力都会造福所有孩子,尤其是那些患有听觉功能障碍的孩子们。

I 一些国家已经开始制定自己的标准来控制与减少教室噪音,新西兰很可能会以此为例(来制定自己的标准)。迄今为止,文献中关于学校教室噪音的描述一般集中于噪音对学生、老师以及听觉缺陷者的影响上,而很少注意到噪音对患有其他疾病的学生的影响,包括对患有听觉功能障碍的学生的影响。今后在制定和颁布国际标准时,必须把这些孩子的需求考虑进去。

TEST 2 PASSAGE 2 参考译文:

金星凌日

20XX年6月金星再次越过太阳表面,构成了久违122年的天文奇观,也就是所谓的“凌日”现象。正如Heather Cooper和Nigel Henbest所解释的那样,金星凌日现象影响了我们对整个宇宙的认识。

A 20XX年6月8日,全世界一半以上的人都有幸见证了这起罕见的天文现象——经过六个多小时,金星缓缓滑过了太阳表面。这是自1882年12月6日以来的第一次金星凌日现象。彼时,美国天文学家Simon Newcomb教授带领着一队人去南非观测这一天文现象。他们的观测点设在一所女子学校里,据说这所学校里的三位女教师合力观测出的结果比这组专业人士的还要精确。

B数首年来,金星凌日现象引起了全球各地的探险家与天文学家的关注,而这一切都要归功于非凡的博学家Edmond Hailey。1677年11月,Hailey在位于南太平洋的荒无人烟的圣赫勒拿岛上,观测到了内行星水星的凌日现象。他发现,水星滑过太阳盘面的轨迹因观测纬度不同而有差异。通过计算行星在两个 相距甚远的地方之间的运行时间,天文学家小组可以计算出视差角度。视差角度是指天体的位置由于 观测者的位置不同而产生的明显差异。计算视差角度让天文学家得以实现当时的最终目标——算出地球与太阳之间的距离,这个距离就是所谓的“天文单位(AU)”。

C Hailey知道,天文单位是天文学中测量距离的基本单位之一。在17世纪早期,Johannes Kepler就认为行星与太阳之间的距离控制着行星的轨道速度,这个很容易就能测量到,但是还没有人能找到一种方法来计算行星与地球之间的精确距离。目标是先测量出天文单位,然后了解其他所有行星绕太阳运行的轨道速度,最后就能水到渠成,测出太阳系的规模。然而,Hailey意识到水星距离地球太远了以致很难确定其视差角度,而金星则距离地球较近,它的视差角度也较大。他发现如果利用金星来计算太阳的距离,其误差很可能只有五百分之一。但是有一个问题,与水星凌日不同,金星凌日现象很罕见,而且总是以两次为一组,每组中的两次大约间隔8年,而两组之间的间隔却有100多年。尽管如此,Hailey还是准确预测出金星会在1761年与1769年两次穿过太阳表面,只可惜他有生之年一次也没看到。

D在Hailey提出的测量太阳系方法的鼓舞下,英国和法国的天文学家组成小组,踏上去往各地的征途,这些地方甚至包括印度与西伯利亚。但是由于那时候英法两国在交战,所以这些观测并没有奏效。最值得同情的是法国天文学家Guillaume Le Gentil。英军包围了他在印度本地治里(Pondicherry)的观测台,这使他备受打击。在乘坐一艘法国军舰穿越印度洋逃亡的时候,他看到了一次凌日的壮观景象,但是船的颠簸摇晃使他完全没有机会进行精确观测。他并没有灰心,而是留在了南半球,先是忙于研究毛里求斯 岛和马达加斯加岛的情况,接着前往菲律宾准备观测下一次凌日现象。然而,具有讽刺意味的是,在跋涉了将近五万公里之后,他的视线居然被一片乌云给遮住了,真是一次令人沮丧的经历。

E虽然早期对凌日时间的观测就当时所用的器材而言已足够精确,但是其测量结果却受到“黑滴”效应 (“blackdrop” effect)的困扰。金星入凌时,看起来有点模糊而不完全是圆的,因此很难计算时间。这种现象是由光的衍射造成的。另一个问题是,金星出凌时,它的周围会产生晕环。虽然天文学家可以获知金星是被一层厚厚的、可折射阳光的气体所包围,但是黑滴效应和晕环效应都使得他们无法获得金星凌日的准确时间。

F但是天文学家依然努力分析这些观测结果,以便用来观测金星凌日现象。柏林天文台台长Johann Franz Encke根据所有这些视差测量最终确定了天文单位的值为153,340,000千米。这个数值在当时已经相当精确了,也与现在用雷达测到的149,597,870千米非常接近。当然,现在雷达因其精准度已经取代了凌日测量与其他方法。天文单位是一个宇宙测量杆,也是现在我们测量宇宙的基础。视差原理可以延伸应用到恒星之间距离的测量中。一月,当地球处于其轨道的某个点时,我们观测一颗恒星,那么六个月后这颗恒星的位置与当时观测的位置看起来是不同的。了解了地球轨道的宽度后,天文学家就可以利用视差移位计算出这个距离。

G 20XX年6月的金星凌日现象不只是一项重大的科学事件,更是一次天文奇观。而这种凌日现象为宇宙中 最重大的突破之一铺平了道路,即对围绕其他恒星运行的类地行星进行探测。

TEST 2 PASSAGE 3 参考译文:

神经科学家解密创新思考

在过去十年里,科学家对大脑的认识方式发生了一场变革。现在我们知道人们所做的决定源自大脑特定部分的神经元的放电模式。这些发现导致了神经经济学的出现,神经经济学研究的是经济环境下大脑成功的秘诀,而这就需要创新,需要不走竞争者走过的寻常路。能做到这些的人可以谓之传统叛逆者。简而言之,传统叛逆者做的是别人认为不可为而他却能有所作为的事情。

该定义说明传统叛逆者与众不同,更确切地说,是他们的大脑异于常人,表现在以下三个方面:认知力、恐惧反应力以及社交能力。这三个功能在大脑中各有一条不同的回路。反对者可能会认为大脑与此无关,他们觉得原创性及革命性的思维方式与其说是大脑的功能,还不如说是一种个性的体现。但是,神经经济学的诞生正是基于这样一个新的发现,那就是大脑的生理功能实际上会制约我们的判断力。通过理解这些制约条件,我们就会明白为什么有些人爱唱反调。

首先要明白的一点是,大脑受制于有限的资源。它有固定的能量预算值,相当于一个40瓦灯泡的能量,因此大脑就进化出了一种尽可能高效的工作方式,这也就是大多数人之所以不爱唱反调的原因。比如,面对眼前源源不断输入的信息时,大脑会尽可能以最便捷的方式解读这些信息。为此,大脑会借鉴过往经验以及其他任何信息来源,比如別人所说的话,来解读眼睛所看到的信息。这种过程无处不在。大脑如此善于走捷径以至于我们对此毫不知情。我们以为我们对世界的感知是真实的,但其实这种感知只不过是 身体和电流对我们撒的小谎。认知不只是我们的眼睛与耳朵传给大脑的信息。认知是大脑的产物,而不只是物理现实中光子或声波的产物。

认知是反传统论的核心。传统叛逆者与别人看问题的方法大相径庭,他们的大脑不像普通人的大脑那样容易掉进高效思维的陷阱。要么天生如此,要么后天习得,总之传统叛逆者总有方法绕过那些困扰大多数人的认知捷径。认知不是天生的。认知是个学习过程,是个既让人受尽折磨的毒咒,又让人洗心革面的良机。大脑面临着一个基本问题,那就是如何解读从感官传来的物理刺激。大脑所见、所闻、所感,皆可以有多重解读,而最终获选的解释只不过是大脑自认为的最佳理论。从技术层次而言,这些解读是有统计学依据的,因为统计学数据说明一种解释优于另一种解释,与此同时,这些解读又受过往经验以及他人观点的严重影响,最后这点对于潜在的传统叛逆者来讲尤为致命。

要想思维方式与众不同,最佳做法就是往大脑里塞其闻所未闻的东西。新鲜事物使认知过程摆脱了过往经历的束缚,同时强迫大脑作出新的判断。成功的传统叛逆者非常乐意接受新鲜事物。观察表明,传统叛逆者对新鲜事物持欣然接受的态度,而大多数普通人则唯恐避之不及。

然而,新鲜事物的缺点是它会触发大脑的恐惧系统。恐惧是阻止人们像传统叛逆者那样思考的主要障碍,它使普通人在创新思考的道路上踌躇不前。恐惧有很多种,但是有两种恐惧阻止了创新思维,而且让大多数人颇感棘手,那就是对不确定性的恐惧以及对沦为笑柄的担忧。这两种恐惧看似都无关紧要,但是,对公开演讲的恐惧则折磨着超过三分之一的人。因为人时不时就要讲一讲,所以这种恐惧太常见了,很难被视为一种精神疾病。这往往被看做一种精神障碍。它只不过是人性反复无常的一种体现而已,传统 叛逆者们带着这种恐惧也会在众人面前发表观点。

最后一点,想要成功变成传统叛逆者,必须把自己的想法推销给别人,这就该社交能力登场了。社交能力是在商业环境中了解与管理人的能力。在过去的十年里,人们对社会型大脑的认知突飞猛进,对这种 大脑在团队协作共同决策时所起的作用也了如指掌。神经科学已经揭示出是哪些大脑回路在帮我们洞悉他人想法、与他人产生共鸣、做到公平公正以及辨别社会身份。在说服别人采纳己见方面,这些大脑回路可谓功不可没。感知在社会认知中也举足轻重。对一个人的热情或名誉的认知是生意成功与否的关键。若能了解认知与社会决策千丝万缕的联系,便能明白为何成功的传统叛逆者稀世难求。

传统叛逆者纵横艺术舞台、技术尖端及商业高峰,在每个领域都创造崭新机会,他们贡献出的创造力和革命力,一队人也望尘莫及。他们视规则如草芥。虽然时常被人疏远并且遭遇失败,可他们仍然是团队顶梁柱。无论在任何领域,若想成功,必先了解传统叛逆者大脑工作的奥秘。

剑桥雅思阅读9原文参考译文(test2)

PASSAGE 1 参考译文:

帮助新西兰听觉障碍儿童

A儿童的听觉障碍或其他听觉功能的缺陷会对他们的言语与交流能力的发展产生重大的影响,导致他们在学校的学习能力也受到不利影响。这对个人甚至全体人民来讲都很可能会产生重大后果。新西兰卫生部从一项进行了 20多年的研究中发现该国有6%到10%的孩子有听觉障碍。

B新西兰的一项初步研究显示,教室噪音是老师和学生关注的一大问题。现代教学实践活动、教室中课桌的布局、糟糕的音响效果以及空调通风口产生的噪音,都使许多孩子无法听清老师所讲的内容。教育研究者Nelson与Soli也表明,现代学习方式中多种思想与方法协作交互获取信息与个人获取信息同等重要。而这一切都意味着活动量与噪音级别的增加,这对患有听觉功能障碍的孩子产生的潜在影响尤为严重。教室噪音只会加重他们在与同学进行语言沟通时的误解,并且使他们无法很好地理解教师的指示。

C教室噪音使患有听觉缺陷的孩子在学习中不能发挥他们的最大潜能。在典型的课堂环境中,噪音对孩子们髙效学习能力的影响越来越受到人们的关注。在世界卫生组织的建议下,国际噪声控制工程学会 (I-INCE)成立了一个国际工作小组来评估学校教室噪音与回声控制,新西兰也是小组成员。

D虽然教室噪音不只会给残疾孩子带来不利影响,但是那些在语言沟通方面有障碍的孩子们显然是更大的受害者。所谓的听觉功能缺陷包括听觉障碍、自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)和注意力缺陷障碍(ADD/ ADHD,也称“注意力缺乏症”)。

E自闭症被认为是一种由神经系统与遗产基因紊乱引起的终生疾病,患者在处理信息时会产生偏差。这种疾病的特点是社会想象力、社会交往与社会互动之间出现了问题。根据Janzen的说法,这种疾病影响 了人们的多种能力:比如以正常方式理解并与他人相处的能力、了解事件及其周遭事物的能力,以及理解或回应感官刺激的能力。自闭症患者不能像正常发展的孩子那样学习或思考。自闭症谱系障碍往往使患者在理解口头信息与语言处理方面遇到极大的困难。患者也往往会觉得喧闹的噪音以及机器发出的声音让自己感到痛苦与压抑。这很难进行科学量化,因为这种额外的感官刺激因患者的不同而有很大的差异。但是当一个孩子觉得在教室里或学习的地方中的任何声音都让自己闹心的话,那么他处理信息的能力很可能也会受到不利影响。

F注意力缺乏症表现为神经与基因障碍。这种障碍的特点是患者很难持续关注某事、很难长时间努力与坚持、缺乏组织能力并且无法抑制解除。患有注意力缺乏症的孩子很难筛选出不重要的信息,他们会关注所处环境中所有的事物而非仅仅一个活动。教室里的背景噪音成为分散孩子们注意力的一个主要原因。

G面对较高级别的背景噪音,患有听觉功能障碍的孩子经常很难分辨与处理言语和交流。这些噪音有的是传入教室中的室外活动的声音,也有的是教学活动的声音以及教室内产生的其他噪音,而且教室中的反射使这些噪音增大。因此,需要采取措施来获得最佳的课堂建设,也许还需要改变课堂文化与教学方法,特别要彻底检查吵闹的课堂与活动给患有听觉功能障碍的孩子带来的影响。也许有很多未确诊的孩子带着“无形”的残疾接受教育,他们的需求不像已确诊的孩子的需求那样容易被人察觉。

H新西兰政府已经制定出一项“新西兰残疾人事业发展战略”,并开始进入广泛咨询意见的阶段。该战略认同残疾人在世俗观念、教育机会、就业机会以及所享服务方面,均很难享有高质量的生活。“新西兰残疾人事业发展战略”的第三个目标是通过改善教育,“为残疾人提供最好的教育”,这样所有的孩子、 青年学生以及成年学者将会在他们当地已有的学校里享有平等的学习与发展机会。对于成功的教育而言,学习环境是非常重要的。因此,任何改善学习环境的努力都会造福所有孩子,尤其是那些患有听觉功能障碍的孩子们。

I 一些国家已经开始制定自己的标准来控制与减少教室噪音,新西兰很可能会以此为例(来制定自己的标准)。迄今为止,文献中关于学校教室噪音的描述一般集中于噪音对学生、老师以及听觉缺陷者的影响上,而很少注意到噪音对患有其他疾病的学生的影响,包括对患有听觉功能障碍的学生的影响。今后在制定和颁布国际标准时,必须把这些孩子的需求考虑进去。

TEST 2 PASSAGE 2 参考译文:

金星凌日

20XX年6月金星再次越过太阳表面,构成了久违122年的天文奇观,也就是所谓的“凌日”现象。正如Heather Cooper和Nigel Henbest所解释的那样,金星凌日现象影响了我们对整个宇宙的认识。

A 20XX年6月8日,全世界一半以上的人都有幸见证了这起罕见的天文现象——经过六个多小时,金星缓缓滑过了太阳表面。这是自1882年12月6日以来的第一次金星凌日现象。彼时,美国天文学家Simon Newcomb教授带领着一队人去南非观测这一天文现象。他们的观测点设在一所女子学校里,据说这所学校里的三位女教师合力观测出的结果比这组专业人士的还要精确。

B数首年来,金星凌日现象引起了全球各地的探险家与天文学家的关注,而这一切都要归功于非凡的博学家Edmond Hailey。1677年11月,Hailey在位于南太平洋的荒无人烟的圣赫勒拿岛上,观测到了内行星水星的凌日现象。他发现,水星滑过太阳盘面的轨迹因观测纬度不同而有差异。通过计算行星在两个 相距甚远的地方之间的运行时间,天文学家小组可以计算出视差角度。视差角度是指天体的位置由于 观测者的位置不同而产生的明显差异。计算视差角度让天文学家得以实现当时的最终目标——算出地球与太阳之间的距离,这个距离就是所谓的“天文单位(AU)”。

C Hailey知道,天文单位是天文学中测量距离的基本单位之一。在17世纪早期,Johannes Kepler就认为行星与太阳之间的距离控制着行星的轨道速度,这个很容易就能测量到,但是还没有人能找到一种方法来计算行星与地球之间的精确距离。目标是先测量出天文单位,然后了解其他所有行星绕太阳运行的轨道速度,最后就能水到渠成,测出太阳系的规模。然而,Hailey意识到水星距离地球太远了以致很难确定其视差角度,而金星则距离地球较近,它的视差角度也较大。他发现如果利用金星来计算太阳的距离,其误差很可能只有五百分之一。但是有一个问题,与水星凌日不同,金星凌日现象很罕见,而且总是以两次为一组,每组中的两次大约间隔8年,而两组之间的间隔却有100多年。尽管如此,Hailey还是准确预测出金星会在1761年与1769年两次穿过太阳表面,只可惜他有生之年一次也没看到。

D在Hailey提出的测量太阳系方法的鼓舞下,英国和法国的天文学家组成小组,踏上去往各地的征途,这些地方甚至包括印度与西伯利亚。但是由于那时候英法两国在交战,所以这些观测并没有奏效。最值得同情的是法国天文学家Guillaume Le Gentil。英军包围了他在印度本地治里(Pondicherry)的观测台,这使他备受打击。在乘坐一艘法国军舰穿越印度洋逃亡的时候,他看到了一次凌日的壮观景象,但是船的颠簸摇晃使他完全没有机会进行精确观测。他并没有灰心,而是留在了南半球,先是忙于研究毛里求斯 岛和马达加斯加岛的情况,接着前往菲律宾准备观测下一次凌日现象。然而,具有讽刺意味的是,在跋涉了将近五万公里之后,他的视线居然被一片乌云给遮住了,真是一次令人沮丧的经历。

E虽然早期对凌日时间的观测就当时所用的器材而言已足够精确,但是其测量结果却受到“黑滴”效应 (“blackdrop” effect)的困扰。金星入凌时,看起来有点模糊而不完全是圆的,因此很难计算时间。这种现象是由光的衍射造成的。另一个问题是,金星出凌时,它的周围会产生晕环。虽然天文学家可以获知金星是被一层厚厚的、可折射阳光的气体所包围,但是黑滴效应和晕环效应都使得他们无法获得金星凌日的准确时间。

F但是天文学家依然努力分析这些观测结果,以便用来观测金星凌日现象。柏林天文台台长Johann Franz Encke根据所有这些视差测量最终确定了天文单位的值为153,340,000千米。这个数值在当时已经相当精确了,也与现在用雷达测到的149,597,870千米非常接近。当然,现在雷达因其精准度已经取代了凌日测量与其他方法。天文单位是一个宇宙测量杆,也是现在我们测量宇宙的基础。视差原理可以延伸应用到恒星之间距离的测量中。一月,当地球处于其轨道的某个点时,我们观测一颗恒星,那么六个月后这颗恒星的位置与当时观测的位置看起来是不同的。了解了地球轨道的宽度后,天文学家就可以利用视差移位计算出这个距离。

G 20XX年6月的金星凌日现象不只是一项重大的科学事件,更是一次天文奇观。而这种凌日现象为宇宙中 最重大的突破之一铺平了道路,即对围绕其他恒星运行的类地行星进行探测。

TEST 2 PASSAGE 3 参考译文:

神经科学家解密创新思考

在过去十年里,科学家对大脑的认识方式发生了一场变革。现在我们知道人们所做的决定源自大脑特定部分的神经元的放电模式。这些发现导致了神经经济学的出现,神经经济学研究的是经济环境下大脑成功的秘诀,而这就需要创新,需要不走竞争者走过的寻常路。能做到这些的人可以谓之传统叛逆者。简而言之,传统叛逆者做的是别人认为不可为而他却能有所作为的事情。

该定义说明传统叛逆者与众不同,更确切地说,是他们的大脑异于常人,表现在以下三个方面:认知力、恐惧反应力以及社交能力。这三个功能在大脑中各有一条不同的回路。反对者可能会认为大脑与此无关,他们觉得原创性及革命性的思维方式与其说是大脑的功能,还不如说是一种个性的体现。但是,神经经济学的诞生正是基于这样一个新的发现,那就是大脑的生理功能实际上会制约我们的判断力。通过理解这些制约条件,我们就会明白为什么有些人爱唱反调。

首先要明白的一点是,大脑受制于有限的资源。它有固定的能量预算值,相当于一个40瓦灯泡的能量,因此大脑就进化出了一种尽可能高效的工作方式,这也就是大多数人之所以不爱唱反调的原因。比如,面对眼前源源不断输入的信息时,大脑会尽可能以最便捷的方式解读这些信息。为此,大脑会借鉴过往经验以及其他任何信息来源,比如別人所说的话,来解读眼睛所看到的信息。这种过程无处不在。大脑如此善于走捷径以至于我们对此毫不知情。我们以为我们对世界的感知是真实的,但其实这种感知只不过是 身体和电流对我们撒的小谎。认知不只是我们的眼睛与耳朵传给大脑的信息。认知是大脑的产物,而不只是物理现实中光子或声波的产物。

认知是反传统论的核心。传统叛逆者与别人看问题的方法大相径庭,他们的大脑不像普通人的大脑那样容易掉进高效思维的陷阱。要么天生如此,要么后天习得,总之传统叛逆者总有方法绕过那些困扰大多数人的认知捷径。认知不是天生的。认知是个学习过程,是个既让人受尽折磨的毒咒,又让人洗心革面的良机。大脑面临着一个基本问题,那就是如何解读从感官传来的物理刺激。大脑所见、所闻、所感,皆可以有多重解读,而最终获选的解释只不过是大脑自认为的最佳理论。从技术层次而言,这些解读是有统计学依据的,因为统计学数据说明一种解释优于另一种解释,与此同时,这些解读又受过往经验以及他人观点的严重影响,最后这点对于潜在的传统叛逆者来讲尤为致命。

要想思维方式与众不同,最佳做法就是往大脑里塞其闻所未闻的东西。新鲜事物使认知过程摆脱了过往经历的束缚,同时强迫大脑作出新的判断。成功的传统叛逆者非常乐意接受新鲜事物。观察表明,传统叛逆者对新鲜事物持欣然接受的态度,而大多数普通人则唯恐避之不及。

然而,新鲜事物的缺点是它会触发大脑的恐惧系统。恐惧是阻止人们像传统叛逆者那样思考的主要障碍,它使普通人在创新思考的道路上踌躇不前。恐惧有很多种,但是有两种恐惧阻止了创新思维,而且让大多数人颇感棘手,那就是对不确定性的恐惧以及对沦为笑柄的担忧。这两种恐惧看似都无关紧要,但是,对公开演讲的恐惧则折磨着超过三分之一的人。因为人时不时就要讲一讲,所以这种恐惧太常见了,很难被视为一种精神疾病。这往往被看做一种精神障碍。它只不过是人性反复无常的一种体现而已,传统 叛逆者们带着这种恐惧也会在众人面前发表观点。

最后一点,想要成功变成传统叛逆者,必须把自己的想法推销给别人,这就该社交能力登场了。社交能力是在商业环境中了解与管理人的能力。在过去的十年里,人们对社会型大脑的认知突飞猛进,对这种 大脑在团队协作共同决策时所起的作用也了如指掌。神经科学已经揭示出是哪些大脑回路在帮我们洞悉他人想法、与他人产生共鸣、做到公平公正以及辨别社会身份。在说服别人采纳己见方面,这些大脑回路可谓功不可没。感知在社会认知中也举足轻重。对一个人的热情或名誉的认知是生意成功与否的关键。若能了解认知与社会决策千丝万缕的联系,便能明白为何成功的传统叛逆者稀世难求。

传统叛逆者纵横艺术舞台、技术尖端及商业高峰,在每个领域都创造崭新机会,他们贡献出的创造力和革命力,一队人也望尘莫及。他们视规则如草芥。虽然时常被人疏远并且遭遇失败,可他们仍然是团队顶梁柱。无论在任何领域,若想成功,必先了解传统叛逆者大脑工作的奥秘。

雅思阅读答案 第3篇

★Study Finds Web Antifraud Measure Ineffective

Published: February 5, 20XX New York Times

Internet security experts have long known that simple passwords do not fully defend online bank accounts from determined fraud Now a study suggests that a popular secondary security measure provides little additional

study, produced jointly by researchers at Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, looked at a technology called site-authentication In the system, currently used by financial institutions like Bank of America, ING Direct and Vanguard, online banking customers are asked to select an image, like a dog or chess piece, that they will see every time they log in to their

idea is that if customers do not see their image, they could be at a fraudulent Web site, dummied up to look like their bank’s, and should not enter their

Harvard and researchers tested that In October, they brought 67 Bank of America customers in the Boston area into a controlled environment and asked them to conduct routine online banking activities, like looking up account But the researchers had secretly withdrawn the

60 participants who got that far into the study and whose results could be verified, 58 entered passwords Only two chose not to log on, citing security

“The premise is that site-authentication images increase security because customers will not enter their passwords if they do not see the correct image,” said Stuart Schechter, a computer scientist at the Lincoln “From the study we learned that the premise is right less than 10 percent of the ”

added: “If a bank were to ask me if they should deploy it, I would say no, wait for something better,” he

system has some high-power supporters in the financial services world, many trying to comply with new online banking In 20XX, the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, an interagency body of federal banking regulators, determined that passwords alone did not effectively thwart intruders like identity

issued new guidelines, asking financial Web sites to find better ways for banks and customers to identify each other January 20XX was set as the compliance date, though the council has yet to begin enforcing the

immediately knew what they did not want to do: ask customers to download new security software, or carry around hardware devices that feed them PIN codes they can use to authenticate their Both solutions would add an extra layer of security but, the banks believed, detract from the convenience of online

image system, introduced in 20XX by a Silicon Valley firm called PassMark Security, offered banks a pain-free addition to their security Bank of America was among the first to adopt it, in June 20XX, under the brand name SiteKey, asking its 21 million Web site users to select an image from thousands of possible choices and to choose a unique phrase they would see every time they logged

“gives our customers a fairly easy way of authenticating the Bank of America Web site,” said Sanjay Gupta, an e-commerce executive at the “It was very well ”

Harvard and researchers, however, found that most online banking customers did not notice when the SiteKey images were When respondents logged in during the study, they saw a site maintenance message on the screen where their image and phrases should have been The error message also had a conspicuous spelling mistake, further suggesting something

Gupta of Bank of America said he was not troubled by the results of the survey, and stressed that SiteKey had made the bank’s Web site more He also said that the system was only a single part of a larger security “It’s not like we’re betting the bank on SiteKey,” he

financial institutions, like Bank of America, have other ways to tell if a customer is The banks often drop a small software program, called a cookie, onto a user’s PC to associate the computer with the If the customer logs in from another machine, he may be asked personal questions, like his mother’s maiden

Dhamija, the Harvard researcher who conducted the study, points out that swindlers can use their dummy Web sites to ask customers those personal She said that the study demonstrated that site-authentication images are fundamentally flawed and, worse, might actually detract from security by giving users a false sense of

Security, the company that bought PassMark last year, “has a lot of great data on how SiteKey instills trust and confidence and good feelings in their customers,” Dhamija “Ultimately that might be why they adopted Sometimes the appearance of security is more important than security ”

(811 words )

Questions 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the writer

FALSE if the statement does not agree with the writer

NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage

to internet security experts, secondary security measures provide little additional protection against

the Harvard and MIT study, two subjects didn’t log on without seeing the correct

to Schechter, more than 90% of online banking customers studied logged on without seeing the right

image system is the only security measure that the banks mentioned in the passage have

of America is the first bank that adopted the image

Questions 6-13

Answer the following questions or complete the following sentences by choosing NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each

is ING Direct and Vanguard?

might online banking customers be cheated to give at a fraudulent Web site?

may stop online banking customers from using new verification methods?

key to online banking security is to verify the ______ of

is PassMark Security located?

is the reason why SiteKey is popular among online banking customers?

was used instead of images in the Harvard and study?

many security methods are mentioned in this passage?

Answer keys

第一段“Now a study suggests that a popular secondary security measure provides little additional ”似与问题文字很接近,但是原文中a popular secondary security measure是指特定的一个措施,而非泛指所有secondary security measure。原文没有其它secondary security measure安全有效性的内容。故应选择NG。

见第4、5段内容。第四段 “But the researchers had secretly withdrawn the ”即研究人员撤下了图形,第五段“Only two chose not to log on, citing security ”,有两个人因为安全考虑未进入。

T 见第6段。

F 见第11、14段。

F 见第11段“Bank of America was among the first to adopt it”,可见首批采用图形识别软件的银行并非Bank of America一家。

A financial institution 见第二段。

(their) passwords 见第三段。

less convenience 见第十段。

identity 见第八、十段。

Silicon Valley 见第十一段。

easy to use 见第十二段。

site maintenance message 见第十三段“When respondents logged in during the study, they saw a site maintenance message on the screen where their image and phrases should have been ”

4 分别见第十段的“download new security software”和“hardware devices that feed them PIN codes”,第十五段的“a small software program, called a cookie”,以及本文提到的site-authentication images。

雅思阅读答案 第4篇

Questions 1-8

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1

In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 The plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the

2 Children only accept opinions on rainforests that they encounter in their

3 It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the ‘pure’ science that they study at

4 The fact that children’s ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change

5 The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as ‘Are there any rainforests in Africa’

6 Girls are more likely than boys to hold mistaken views about the rainforests’

7 The study reported here follows on from a series of studies that have looked at children’s understanding of

8 A second study has been planned to investigate primary school children’s ideas about

Questions 9-13

The box below gives a list of responses A-P to the questionnaire discussed in Reading Passage

Answer the following questions by choosing the correct responses

Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer

9 What was the children’s most frequent response when asked where the rainforests were

10 What was the most common response to the question about the importance of the rainforests

11 What did most children give as the reason for the loss of the rainforests

12 Why did most children think it important for the rainforests to be protected

13 Which of the responses is cited as unexpectedly uncommon, given the amount of time spent on the issue by the newspapers and television

A There is a complicated combination of reasons for the loss of the

B The rainforests are being destroyed by the same things that are destroying the forests of Western

C Rainforests are located near the

D Brazil is home to the

E Without rainforests some animals would have nowhere to

F Rainforests are important habitats for a lot of

G People are responsible for the loss of the

H The rainforests are a source of

I Rainforests are of consequence for a number of different

J As the rainforests are destroyed, the world gets

K Without rainforests there would not be enough oxygen in the

L There are people for whom the rainforests are

M Rainforests are found in

N Rainforests are not really important to human

O The destruction of the rainforests is the direct result of logging

P Humans depend on the rainforests for their continuing

Question 14

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D or

Write your answer in box 14 on your answer

Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage 1

A The development of a programme in environmental studies within a science curriculum

B Children’s ideas about the rainforests and the implications for course design

C The extent to which children have been misled by the media concerning the rainforests

D How to collect, collate and describe the ideas of secondary school

E The importance of the rainforests and the reasons for their destruction

雅思阅读答案 第5篇

TEST 3 PASSAGE 1 参考译文:

用激光回击闪电

很少有比雷暴天气更令人感到恐怖的天气了。仅在美国,猛烈的雷暴电流每年都会造成大约500人死亡或重伤。云层翻滚而来的时候,在户外打一场轻松的高尔夫成了一件异常可怕的事情,无异于是在拿自己的性命开玩笑——孤身一人在户外的高尔夫球手可能是闪电最喜欢攻击的目标。此外,闪电也会带来财产损失。每年闪电会对美国电力公司造成超过一亿美元的损失。

不过,美国和日本的研究人员正在策划回击闪电的方案。他们已开始通过实验测试中和雷暴电荷的各种方法。今年冬天,他们将直面雷暴:使用配备的激光器射向空中的雨云,使其在闪电出现之前放电。

迫使雨云根据指令释放闪电并非一个新想法。早在20世纪60年代早期,研究者们就尝试过把带着拖曳线的火箭射入雨云,以期为这些云层发出的庞大的电荷群搭建起便捷的放电路径。由于受到建在加利福尼亚的电力研究所(EPRI)的支持,这一技术在佛罗里达的州立大学试验基地幸存到了今天。EPRI由电力公司资助,现正致力于研究保护美国输电网不受闪电袭击的方法。“我们可以通过火箭让闪电击向我们想让它去的地方,”EPRI的闪电项目经理Ralph Bernstein如此说道。该火箭基地现在能对闪电电压进行精确测量,并可以让工程师们检测电气设备的负载。

不良行为

虽然火箭在研究中功不可没,但它们无法提供闪电来袭时所有人都希求的保护。每支火箭造价大约 1,200美元,发射频率有限,而失败率却高达40%。即使它们确实能够引发闪电,事情也无法总是按计划顺利进行。“闪电可不那么听话”,Bernstein说,“它们偶尔会走岔路,射到它们本不该去的地方。”

但不管怎样,有谁会想在人口密集的地区发射成群的火箭呢? “射上去的肯定会掉下来,”新墨西哥大学的Jean-Claude Diels指出。Diels现在正在负责一个项目,该项目由ERPI所支持,试图通过发射激光使闪电安全放电——安全是一项基本要求,因为没人愿意把他们自己的性命或他们的昂贵设备置于危险之中。有了迄今为止的50万美元的投入,一套有巨大潜力的系统装置正在该实验室慢慢成形。

这一系统装置的想法始于大约20年前,当时正在开发大功率激光器从原子中提取电荷并生成离子的能力。如果激光器能够生成一条直达暴雨云的离子线,就可以在闪电电场增强为一股无法控制的涌流并击破空气之前,用这条传导通道把电荷引导到地面上来。为了防止激光器本身受到电击,不能把它直接对准云层,而是要把它对准一面镜子,让激光通过镜子折射向天空。要在靠近镜子的四周布置闪电传导器从而 对其进行保护。理想的做法是,云层遥控器(枪)要比较廉价,以便能够把它们安装在所有重点电力设备周围;另外还要方便携带,以便在国际运动赛事场地中用于使逐渐聚积的雨云失去威力。

绊脚石

可是,仍存在巨大的绊脚石。激光器并不方便携带:它是个能占据整个房间的庞然大物。Diels一直想要缩小它的体积,并表示很快就会有小型桌子大小的激光器了。他计划在明年夏天用真正的雨云来实际测试这个更容易操作的激光系统。

Bernstein表示,Diels的激光系统正在引起各电力公司的广泛兴趣。但他们还没有准备好EPRI提出的500万美元——开发一个让激光器更小巧、价格也更便宜的商用系统的所需资金。Bernstein说:“我还不能 说我已经拿到钱了,但是我正在为之努力。”他认为,即将进行的实地测试会成为一个转折点,而且他也在期待着好消息。Bernstein预言,如果一切顺利,这将吸引“排山倒海般的兴趣和支持”。他希望看到云层遥控器的最终价格能定在每台5万到10万美元之间。

其他科学家也能从中受益。如果手上有了控制闪电的“开关”,材料科学家就可以了解强大的电流遇到物质时会发生什么现象。Diels也希望看到“互动气象学”问世——不仅仅是预测天气,而且能控制天气。“如果我们能使云层放电,我们也许就能左右天气,”他说。

而且也许,Diels说,我们将能够对抗一些其他的气象威胁。“我们认为我们也许能通过引导闪电来阻止冰雹,”他说。雷,来自于闪电的冲击波,被认为是大暴雨——典型的雷暴天气——的触发器。一个激光雷工厂可以把水汽从云层中震出,这样也许可以阻止威胁庄稼的大冰雹的形成。如果运气好的话,在今年冬天雨云聚积的时候,持有激光器的研究者们就能第一次对其进行回击了。

TEST 3 PASSAGE 2 参考译文:

天才的本质

一直以来,天才和神童都倍受人们关注。genius一词源于拉丁语“gens”(=家族);拉丁语词条“genius”意 为“父”,来自于罗马早期,当时人们对一种祌明狂热崇拜,并尊其为家族的首领。在genius的最初形态中, 它与家族首领——也就是一家之长——永生的能力有关。后来,genius逐渐被用来表示人的特点;再后来,genius便用以指代一个人从他的“父亲”或精神领袖身上所传承的最佳特质。今天,人们仍然醉心于对星相和基因的研究,希望能够通过占星术或遗传学找到出色能力和个人特征的来源。

天才和天赋的概念已经成了民间文化的一部分,但人们对其所持的态度却是矛盾的。我们羡慕天才却不信任他们。在天才的神话里,人们普遍认为:如果人们在某方面很有天赋,那么他们一定会在其他方面有所不足;知识分子往往不切实际;神童过于才华横溢而早早地“泯然众人矣”;天才往往秉性古怪;天才的体质都很孱弱;天才和疯子只有一线之隔;天赋是家族遗传的;天才很聪明,所以不需要任何特别的帮助;天才和高智商是一回事;有些种族比其他人更聪明、更有音乐天赋或更有数学头脑;天才总被埋没, 得不到应有的回报;逆境出英才;天才有责任运用他们的天赋。英语中有很多这样的表达,如:highbrow (自以为文化修养很高的人),egghead(书呆子),blue-stocking(女学者),wiseacre(自以为聪明的人),know-all(自以为无所不知的人),boffin(科学家);另外,对于很多人来说intellectual是一个贬义词。

19世纪,人们对于天才的本质表现出相当大的兴趣,而且做了不少针对著名神童的研究。或许现在对于我们来说,大部分对天才的研究中包含以下两个最重要的方面:其一,早期教育中父母和教师对孩子进行的频繁的鼓励和教导对孩子在智力、艺术或音乐方面的发展是有益的,但这也给孩子以后对生活的适应方面带来了巨大的困难;其二,老师和学校常常认识不到孩子所具备的才能。尽管在研究中搜集的轶闻趣事、显著相似点以及例外状况都颇为吸引人,但是,想要利用这些研究得出的证据也有一定困难,因为它们不符合我们今天所谓的常模参照。换句话说,比如当我们在搜集有关早期疾病、养育方式、学校教育等信息时,我们也要考虑到在其他的历史资料中所记载的、关于这种情况在当时有多么普 遍或不寻常的信息。例如,当时的婴儿死亡率很高,人的寿命也比今天短得多,家教对于贵族和富裕家庭司空见惯,恃强凌弱和体罚在最好的私立学校里也屡见不鲜,而且大多数的研究对象来自特权阶级。直到20世纪,随着儿科学和心理学的发展,相关研究才得以在更加客观的基础上进行——尽管依然并不总是很科学。

无论如何进行定义,天才只不过是从历史的迷雾之中凸显出来的一座座山峰,只有特定的观察者通过他们特殊的角度才能看到。而改变观察者和视角,拨开些许迷雾,许多不同的山峰出现在眼前。我们用“天才”这个词来指代那些因其出色成就而被我们所认可的人,那些人几乎处在了人类能力连续体的顶端,往下依次是平凡者、平庸者和无能者。Samuel Johnson博士的观察还是颇有道理的:“真正的天才在各方面都拥有着巨大的潜能,很偶然地被决定了向一个特定的方向发展。”但我们可能会对“各方面”这一点有所保留,因为我们怀疑是否所有天才音乐家都可以成为天才科学家,反之亦然。但是有一点毋庸置疑:正是偶然的决定培养或触发了他们的才能,使之有了用武之地,让他们可以成功地把自己的能量注入其中。在芸芸众生之中,有能之士成千上万,有男有女,有成人也有孩童。

天才的作品或神童的成就令人欣赏、喜爱和惊叹之处在于其体现了他们的技能和本领,这些技能和本领虽然与我们的相似,但远远高于我们的水平。然而事实可以证明他们的智力和我们的并非迥然不同,比如,像Kepler和Einstein这样的科学家历尽艰辛所取得的科学发现现已成为学童的常识性知识;像Paul Klee 这样的画家所创造的曾经非比寻常的形状和颜色很快就出现在了我们穿着的面料上。当然,这并没有降低天才成就的价值。他们的成就与普通人的相比就好像在四分钟内跑完一英里的运动员之于普通慢跑者一样,前者远远超越了后者。

只有在承认了每个人的大脑都是独特的这一前提下,认为天才和有天赋者的大脑独一无二、异于常人这一想法才能算是合理的。教育的目的就在于使我们更加与众不同,而在受教育的过程中,我们可以从比我们更有天赋的人的成就中学有所得。但是,在效仿天才或鼓励我们的孩子这样做之前,我们应该注意到,从他们身上学到的某些东西结果可能并不令人愉快。我们可能会羡慕他们的成就和名誉,但是也应该看到他们为此所付出的代价,看到他们的锲而不舍,专心致志,献身精神,自我约束,他们对自己时间和精力的严格要求,以及多少次他们不得不表现出极大的勇气来保持自身的正直或艰难地走成功。

天才和天赋只是具有相对意义的描述性术语,并没有实质内容。我们顶多可以通过对其进行定义并将其置于某一语境中来赋予它们一些准确的意思。但是,无论怎样做,我们都不能蒙蔽自己,认为神童或天才与其他人不一样,只是他们对自己能力表现开发的程度与我们不同而已。

TEST 3 PASSAGE 3 参考译文:

生物钟如何工作?

A我们的寿命是有限的。每个人都已经接受了这一点,因为从“生物学”角度来讲这是显而易见的。“没有什么会永生! ” 然而,在这句话中,我们想到了那些人造的技术产品,这些产品在使用过程中会产生自然磨损。这就意味着它们终究会有一天停止工作、不能用了(生物学意义上的“死亡”)。但这些技术产品的磨损及功能丧失与生物体的死亡这两者之间真的具有相似性或可比性吗?

B我们所谓“死掉”的产品是指一些“静态的”、封闭的系统。构成物体的基本材料总是会在自然过程中逐渐磨损,变得“老化”。根据物理化学和热力学的规律,在这种情况下老化是必然的。虽然相同的规律也适用于生物体,但这一规律并不会以同样的方式产生不可抗拒的结果。至少只要一个生物系统有能力自我更新,它就确实能够不断成长但不会老化;生物体是一个开放、动态的系统,新物质会通过这个系统不断流动。因此旧物质的消逝和新物质的形成总是处于永久的动态平衡中。形成生物体的物质不断改变,于是我们体内的旧物质也持续不断地被新物质替换,就像喷泉,它能大体上保持自身的形态和运动状态,但是其中的水分子总是不同的。

C因此,老化和死亡不该被看作是不可避免的,尤其当生物体拥有许多修复机制时。从理论上讲,一个生物体的老化和死亡不是必然的。尽管如此,有限的寿命,衰老,然后死亡构成了生命的基本特征。原因则显而易见:本质上,现存的生物体要么适应环境,要么有规律地被新的物种代替。因为基因物质的变化(突变),生物体拥有了新的特征,并且个体生命的过程也在考验它们对周围的环境条件是否有最佳的或更好的适应性。永生可能会打乱这个系统,因为它需要为新的、更好的生命提供空间。这就是进化。

D每个生物体都有极具特色的寿命。不同的物种其寿命也有着显著差别,但在同一物种中,这个参数相对恒定。例如,几千年来人类的平均寿命几乎没变。虽然由于医疗服务的发展和营养的改善,越来越多的人达到高龄,但对大多数人来说人类普遍的寿命上限仍是80岁。此外,对抗简单磨损理论的另一个论点认为,生物体老去的时间短则几天(对单细胞生物来说甚至是几小时),长则几千年,比如巨杉。

E如果寿命是一个由基因决定的生物特征,那么按照逻辑我们就有必要提出这样一个观点:生物体内存在一个内部时钟,这个时钟以某种方式测量和控制着衰老的进程,并且最终决定这一固定程序的最后一步:死亡。就像寿命,对于不同的生物体,其代谢速率跟体重有一个固定的数据关系。同寿命相比,这个关系是“反向的”:生物体体重越大,其代谢速率越低。另外,这个关系不仅适用于鸟类,由于系统单元内的情况大体类似,因此也适用于其他所有生物体(植物、动物、单细胞生物)。

F那些在能量消耗方面比较“节约”的动物寿命尤其长,例如鳄鱼和乌龟。鹦鹉和猛禽经常被锁链栓着,因此往往不能“体验生活”,于是在圈养状态下获得了较长的寿命。有些能通过冬眠或嗜睡来保存能量的动物(例如蝙蝠或刺猬)通常比那些总是很活跃的动物活得更长久。老鼠的代谢速率可以通过减少食物消耗量(饥饿饮食法)来降低,他们的寿命可能比那些平日吃饱喝足的同类寿命长一倍。另外,女性的寿命很明显比男性的寿命长(大约10%)。如果研究两性的代谢速率,你会发现男性代谢速率较高,这就意味着男性的寿命较短,也就是说他们在生活中比较耗费能量——比女性活动更为剧烈,但生命持续的时间没有女性长。

G从上面的讨论可以看出,节约使用我们的能量储备应该可以延长寿命。极端的剧烈运动可能会让心血管功能达到最佳状态,但肯定不会延长寿命。放松下来可以降低代谢率,而充足的睡眠及大体平和的性格也会起到相同的作用。只要进行一些自我观察、严格的自我控制,尤其重要的是保持逻辑连贯性,我们每个人都能发展自己的“节能程序”。经验表明这样的生活方式不仅能够延年益寿,而且非常健康。最后这点绝对不要忘记。

雅思阅读答案 第6篇

Passage 1 参考译文:

梯水井

一千年前,对存活于印度最干旱的地区的生命来说,阶梯水丼是非常重要的。理査德·考克斯到印度的西北部记录过往时代的惊人历史遗迹。

6世纪和7世纪期间,生活在印度西北部现称之为吉拉特邦和拉贾斯坦邦的居民发明了一种在干旱时节获得干净、新鲜的地下水的方法,供饮用、洗澡、饲养动物和灌溉。然而,这项发明一梯水井的重要性——超出了它的实用性应用。

阶梯水井是这个地区独有的,它们一般建造复杂,在尺寸和形状上差别很大。在它们的全盛期,它们是聚集的场所,是娱乐放松的场所,是除了底层阶级以外村民拜神的场所。大多数的阶梯水井被发现散落在吉拉特邦(他们称之为vav)和拉贾斯坦邦(他们称之为baori)的沙漠地带,还有少量的在德里被发现。一些坐落在村庄里或者村庄附近,作为居民的公共空间;一些是在公路旁,作为旅行者的休息场所。

就像他们的名字所说的,阶梯水井由一系列的石头台阶组成,这些石阶从地面下降到水源(通常是一个地下蓄水展),因为它随着雨水后退。当水位高的时候,使用者只需要下降几个台阶就能够触及它,当水位低的时候,就需要越过数个台阶。

一些井是巨大的露天大坑,有着上千的台阶铺设在每个斜坡上,通常是按层排列。其他的更精致一番,有着长的阶梯式的走席,通过好几层到达水源。由石头建造,梁柱支撑,其中还包括亭子,使得拜访者免受无情高温的炙烤。但是也许最让人印象深刻的特点是那错综复杂的雕塑装饰着众多的水井,这些雕塑展示了一系列活动,比如打架、跳舞和一些日常的活动,比如妇女梳头和搅拌黄油。

往后的世纪,数以千计的水井被建造,遍布于印度西北,但是现在大多数都不再使用了;许多被遗弃了,变得干枯。因为地下水已经被转为工业使用,水井水位再也不能到达地下水位它们的状况并没有因近期的干旱期得以改善:拉贾斯坦邦的南部在1996到20XX年间遭受了长达八年的干旱。

然而,一些在吉拉特邦的重要的遗址最近经历了主要的修复,州政府在去年6月宣布计划修复整个州的阶梯水井。

在帕坦,这个州古老的首都,Rani井(皇后的阶梯水井)也许是当前最出色的例子。它是在11世纪的晚期由乌达雅玛蒂王后建造。

13世纪期间,一场洪水之后,它被沙泥覆盖了。

然而在20 世纪60年代,印度考古研究所才开始修复它,如今恢复了它原始的状态。

65米长,20米宽,27米深,整个皇后的阶梯木井周身壁龛里雕刻着500个雕塑。令人难以置信的是,在20XX年1月,这座古老的建筑在里氏震级级的地震中得以保全。

另一个例子是在吉拉特邦北部,太阳神庙附近,在Modhera的Siuya由国王彼斯玛一世夺1026年建造用来纪念太阳神苏里亚。实际上它更像一个池塘(kund的意思是蓄水池或者池塘)而不是一个水井,但是却展现了阶梯水井建筑的特点,包括它的四面都有通向底部的极好的几何学构造的台阶。这些平台覆盖了108个小的、雕刻精美的在阶梯间的神龛。

拉贾斯坦也有很多的水井。它坐落在斋普尔以南200公里,是本迪的一个古老的城市,因其建筑风格而闻名,其中也包含阶梯水井。其中最好的例子是由这个地区的女王Nathavatji在1699年所建。

46 米深,20米宽,40米长,这个复杂雕刻的历史遗迹是本地区21个Nathavatji委任制造的水井之一。

在Abhaneri古老荒废的城镇中,斋普尔以东大约95公里处,是Chand Baori水井印度最古老、最深的水井之一;美学角度来讲它可能是最引人注目的了。在大约公元850建造,女神庙附近,月亮水井包含许多许多之字形台阶,这些台阶向它的三面延伸,陡峭的下行11层,从远处看,是惊人的模式。在第四面,由华丽的柱子支撑的游廊可以俯瞰这些台阶。

现在公众仍然使用的是Neemrana Ki Baori,它就坐落在斋普尔的不远处德里的高速公路上。在大约1700年建造,它有九层深,最后两层在水下。在地面上,有86个有柱廊的通路,从那里游览者走下170个台阶到达最深处的水源。

今天,在被忽视数年之后,这些中世纪的许多工程的古迹被印度考古研究所挽救,他们意识到了保护它们作为丰富历史的一部分的重要性。旅行者们蜂拥而至印度西北遥远的角落里的水井,在惊奇中去凝视这些百年前的建筑传奇,这些传奇起着古老文明独创性和艺术性的暗示作用,也提醒着水对于人类生存的价值。

Test 1 Passage 2 参考译文:

1990年到20XX年欧洲的交通体系

欧洲交通体系过去的趋势是什么?前景又如何?

很难想象,在没有有效率的交通体系下,经济能迅速发展。尽管现在信息技术能够通过促进 远程办公和远程服务降低物理运输的需求,可是对交通的需求继续在上升。在这种趋势的背后有两个关键因素。对于客运来说,决定性因素是汽车使用的惊人增长。在1990到20XX年间,欧盟道路上的汽车数量每一年都会经历三百万的增长,并且在接下来的十年中,欧盟车队会经历更进步的大幅增长。

至于货物运输,它的增长在很大程度上是由于欧洲经济和它的生产体系的改变。在过去的20 年里,因为内部边界已经废除,欧盟已经从“存货”经济变成了“流动”经济。这种现象已经被一些工业的迁移突出了,尤其是一些劳动力密集型的工业,为了降低生产成本,即便生产地距离装配厂或者用户几百甚至上千米远。

在那些欧盟的候选国家,预期的经济大幅增长也将会增加交通流动性,尤其是公路交通运输。在1998年,部分国家出口量已经超过1990年的两倍多,而进口量是1990年的五倍多。尽管很多候选国沿袭了鼓励铁路的交通体系,可是自从20世纪90年代,运输模式的分布状况还是大大地向公路运输倾斜了。在1990年到1991的8年间,公路运输增长了 %,然而在同时期,故铁路运输降低了%,尽管——这可能使扩大的欧盟受益——与欧盟现有成员国相比,这一比例平均水平比较下仍然较高。

然而,一个新型必要事务——可持续发展——为适应欧盟共同的交通政策提供了一个机会。这个哥德堡欧洲理亊会已经通过的目标必须通过把环境因素整合到社区政策来实现,并且改变交通状况的平衡是其战略的核心。这个远大的目标只能到20XX年才能完全实现,但是提出的措施是通向一个可持续交通体系的必要的第一步,理想状态下,这个交通体系将在30年内完成, 也就是20XX年。

在1998年,交通领域的能源消耗占了二氧化碳排放量的28%,二氧化碳是一种主要的温室气体。

根据最新的估计,如果不采取措施去逆转交通增长的趋势,与记载的1990年的7390亿吨相比,到20XX年,二氧化碳的排放量将会增长50%,达到1,1130亿。重申一下,公路运输是主要的元凶,因为它自己就占了因交通而产生的二氧化碳的84%。因此,使用替代燃料和提高能源利用率既 是生态必要,也是一个技术挑战。

与此同时,必须付出更多的努力来实现模式的转变。如此大的改变不可能在一夜之间实现,在经历了公路优化所带来的半个世纪的持续恶化之后,全改变更不可能。这已经倾斜到了某种程度,以至于现在的铁路货物运输服务正面临着边缘化,只有8%的市场份额,并且国际铁路货物运输的速度挣扎在平均18km/h。三个可能的选择已经浮现了。

第一种方法会包括对公路运输的关注,仅仅用定价来实现。这个选择不会附加其他交通模式的配套措施。短期来看,由于运输价格增加,它会通过更好的车辆货物承载率和预期的客运车辆的使用率来抑制公路运输的增长。然而,其他运输方式缺乏恢复动力这个事实将会使更具有可持续性的交通模式变得不可能。

第二种方法聚焦在公路运输的价格上,但是伴随着提高其他方式故率的措施(更好的服务质量、物流、科技)。然而,这种方法既不包括在新的基础设施上投资,也不能保证更好的地域衔接。与第一种方法相比,它能够达到一种更好的拆分,但是公路运输能够保持它最大的市场份额,并且能继续成为饱和动脉,尽管它是最污染的模式。因此,它是不能够保证平衡的必要转变。

第三种方法不是新的,包含了一系列措施,从价格到重兴可替代的交通模式,并且以投资欧盟交通网络系统作为目标。这个整合的措施将使其他的市场份额回到他们1998年的水平,能够达到一个平衡的转变。这远比它看起来更有野心,请牢记过去50年公路运输不平衡的历史,但它将在公路交通运输和经济增长之间获得一个显著的突破,而不用限制人和货物的流动。

Test 1 Passage 3参考译文:

创新心理学

为何很少公司能够真正地创新?

创新是商业存活的关键,公司投入大量的资源以激励员工产生创新想法。然而,那些在一个奢侈的、设计成艺术中心似的、以促进创新的地方工作的人,发现这个环境并不能让他们觉得自己有创造力。而那些没有很多预算,也没有很宽敞的地方的人却能够创新成功。

Robert B Cialdini,亚利桑那州大学的一名心理学教授,他认为,一些公司不那么成功的原因之一是录取员工的问题,因为创新的第一步在于员工的录用。研究表明,员工的价值和公司的价值之契合度在于员工做了什么贡献以及两年以后他们是不是仍然在这家公司。

在哈佛商北学院进行的研究表明,尽管一些人会比另外一些人更加有创造力,但是如果人们处于正确的环境,每一个人都会有创造力。

最为知名的一个关于摇滚故事的照片证明了Cialdini的观点。1956年关于歌手Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash和Jerry Lee Lewis在Memphis的太阳工作室乱惮钢琴的一张照片讲述了一个不为人知的故事。太阳的“百万美元四重唱组合”本来可以成为五重唱组合的。照片里没有的是Roy Orbison,一个比Lewis、Perkins 或者Cash更加有天赋的歌手。

Sam Phillips,太阳工作室的拥有者,想要用融合了黑白音乐、乡村和蓝调音乐的结合体来革新流行乐。Presley,Cash, Perkins和Lewis直觉上就理解了Phillips的野心而且充满信心。Orbison 对于这一目标并不感冒,而且与太阳公司仅仅实现了一次合作。

价值观是否合拍很重要,Cialdini说,因为创新在一定程度上也是改变的过程,在这种压力下,我们,作为一种物种,会有不同的表现,“事情有所改变的时候,我们很自然地就会选择安全的行动方式”。因此管理者应该采取一种看起来反直观的方式——他们应该解释一下如果公司不抓住这个独特的机会的话,那么公司将会失去什么。研究表明,当面对损失而不是奖赏的时候,我们不可避免地会更加冒险。

管理创新是一项精妙的艺术。由于市场、产品研发以及财务部门从不同的人群得出不同的反馈, 所以公司很容易卷入到矛盾漩涡里面,不知道何去何从。如果没有一个能够保证公司内部协调转变的系统的话,很容易造成少量创新的流失。创新是一种接触性运动。不能仅仅跟人说“我们走这个方向,你跟着我”就够了。

Cialdini相信“跟随领导综合症”非常具有危险性,尤其因为这样会鼓励领导一意孤行。“科学证明,解决问题时,三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮,即使那一个人是在某个领域里面最聪明的人”。为了证明这一点,Cialdini 与分子生物学家James Watson举行了一次访谈。

Watson和Francis Crick发现了DNA结构,即所有生物体基因信息携带者。‘当问及他们如何在那么多技术高超的研究竞争者之前破译密码的时候,他的回答令我震惊。他说他和Cricket之所以能够成功,是因为他们知道在众多追寻答案的科学家之中,他们并不是最聪明的。最智慧的科学家叫作Rosalind Franklin,据Waston说,“她太聪明以至于几乎不寻求建议”。’

团队合作是人类行为的一个非常基本的驱动力。“社会认证原理如此普遍以至于我们常常忽略它,” Cialdini说。“如果你的计划被阻止了,比如说被公司元老们,那么找另外一个老前辈为你申诉。” Cialdini并不是唯一支持这一理论的人。研究表明,同事的力量,同等级运用而不是上下级运用的话,远比老板的任何言论更加有说服力。

书写、形象化以及样品化可以促进新奇想法的形成。Cialdini引用了研究报告和历史事件来证明,即便简单的书写也能够加深每个人在项目中的参与度。他说,这就是为什么所有的早餐谷物粥包装竞争者都会鼓励大家写下不超过10字的话:“我喜欢Kellogg的玉米片,因为.…”这一书写行为会让我们更加愿意去相信这件事。

权威部门没有必要抑制创新,但是却常常这么做。这一错误的领导方式会导致成为Cialdini所说的“机长症候群,一种令人遗憾的趋势,团队成界会把本该属于自己的责任推卸给领导的一种趋势”。他把这一趋势如此取名是因为,他说“多名飞行员操作的飞机上,当机长做出一个明显错误的决定时,机组成员有时候会呈现一种致命的钝化状态”。据他所言,这一行为并不单单在飞机上会出现,而是当领导太独断的时候,这会发在任何工作场合下。

另一个极端是20世纪80年代,Memphis的设计团体,一个年轻人组成的团队,对于他们来说“唯一的规则就是没有规则”。这一环境为互相交换想法提供下有利的条件,进而引起形式、功能、颜色以及材料的一系列创新,这一创新革新了家居设计的概念。

许多理论家相信,理想的领导应该是幕后操作,以集体成就为荣并且在适当的时候给予表扬。Cialdini说“领导们应该鼓励每个人去贡献(自己的想法)并且确保相关人员都意识到每一个建议对于制定正确的决策和(每个人的想法)被充分地考虑都是很重要的”。关于创新,令人沮丧的事就是,创新有很多的方式,没有神奇的公式。然而,一个真正想要创造创新氛围的领导者,可以通过认识这些心理学现实使得他们的工作变得更加简单。

雅思阅读答案 第7篇

技能一:拥有扎实的词汇语法基础及背景知识

这里强调的其实是英文基础的重要性。考生想要在考试过程中游刃有余,没有一定的词汇量基本是没有办法达成的。当然我们在考试中可以通过上下文,转折词等等猜测生词的意思。但是,一旦生词量超过一定比例,势必会影响考生的理解。说到理解,在雅思考试中碰到长难句是常有的事情。那么扎实的语法基础也是考生正确理解文章意义的一个重要的必备素质。

除去扎实的词汇语法基础之外,丰富的背景知识也是一名高分考生所必须的。雅思阅读考试人文社科类和自然科学类当中有众多小分支话题,涉及天文、地理、生物、地质、语言学、发展史等等众多领域。为了保证考试时的阅读效率及答题的正确性,考生需要在平时多多查阅相关资料,了解各类文章背景。

技能二:熟悉题型的做题思路和技巧和出题角度

雅思阅读考试的题型多种多样,有细节题,有主旨题,有考察整体理解的题型,也有考察辨别信息能力的题型。

因此,建议想要取得高分的学员,在掌握每种题型的解题技巧的同时,还需要研究的是考试的出题角度,仔细研究各种题型考察的是何种能力。然后有针对性的去锻炼这方面的能力。14年的雅思阅读考试中,所占比重最大的几类题型为细节配对题、是非无判断题、选择题。之前常考的 List of headings对在去年的考试中所占比例并不大。14年几乎每场考试都有细节配对题出现,那么其实可以反映出雅思考试更加注重考生的细节定位能力以及对于材料的理解能力。

技能三:充分到位的精读和模拟训练是必不可少的

精读是提高分数的唯一法宝。精读的方法是:

用一小时完整的做一个Test三篇文章,然后一篇文章一篇文章的开始精读。

查出每篇文章的所有生词,并要求认知。接着分析文章所有的长难句,翻译整篇文章。

把所有题的出题点在文章里标出来。我们要非常清楚对是为什么对,错是为什么错。精读可以提高同学们的词汇、长难句分析能力以及对整篇文章做题思路的理解。

模拟训练可以提高考生两方面的能力:一是考试答题顺序的安排。二是考试时间的合理分配。

首先是答题顺序的安排。考生并不用完全按照考试文章的顺序来答题。完全可以通过对于标题的浏览来确定文章大意。然后根据自己的熟悉程度来选择文章的先后顺序。

另外,在确定了文章的先后顺序之后,题目的先后顺序其实也是需要进行合理安排的。比如14年很流行的段落细节配对题,虽然经常出现在文章很靠前的位置,但是,无论什么样的位置出现,这种题型都应该放在最后来解决。除了答题顺序之外,考试时间的精确掌控也是考生是否能够取得高分的一个重要因素。雅思阅读考试是个精泛读结合过程,不是所有的文字都需要进行精读的,恰恰那些基础很好有能力有机会考到高分的考生,往往会犯全篇通读的错误,导致最后答题时间不够,没能完成所有的题目而不能取得满意的成绩。

保存并继续

另外要提醒考生注意的是,在平常的模拟考试中就养成是用答题卡的习惯,这样才不至于在考试的时候因为时间不够而出现答题卡不能填写完全的情况。相信很多次的模拟练习之后,考生一定有能力在考试时,用最合理的时间分配进行最佳顺序的答题,最终取得高分成绩。

雅思阅读动植物类真题及答案:The Pearl相关

雅思阅读答案 第8篇

Passage 1

Question 1

答案:
D

关键词:
main topic

定位原文: 文章标题

解题思路: 通过标题知道整篇文章的主旨是“通过激光来回击闪电”,因此答案是 D 选项,意思为 “一种用于控制闪电袭击的激光技术”,属于对标题的同义替换。

Question 2

答案:
A

关键词:
every year lightening

定位原文:
第1段内容

解题思路:
本题考查关于每年闪电情况的细节,可 定位于第一段。B 选项可以通过 golfer 一词来定 位,也在第一段,原文意思是“孤单的高尔夫球 手或许将是闪电之箭最为有吸引力的目标”,选 项 B“在美国主要杀死或者伤害高尔夫球手”改 变了原意 ;C 和 D 选项可以分别通过 500,100 这两个数字来定位到第一段,但是 C 选项中将原 文 in the United States 偷换成了 throughout the world,因此不对;D中将原文的$100 million 偷换成 100 companies,也不对。通过对第一段 的概括,可以知道闪电带来的影响是非常大的, 因此答案是 A。

Question 3

答案:
A

关键词:
University of Florida, University of New Mexico

定位原文:
第三段和第五段内容

解题思路:
题目问的是 University of Florida 和 University of New Mexico 的研究员的关系。通 过 University of Florida 和 University of New Mexico 分别定位至第三段和第五段。对两处论 述进行对比,不难得出两者共同之处是“从同一来源获得经费”,都是 EPRI。答案是 A。

Question 4

答案:
power companies

关键词:
EPRI, financial support

对应原文:
第3段第4句“EPRI, which is funded…”

解题思路:
用EPRI定位到文章第三段,EPRI第一次出现之后即指出其是由电力公司资助的,原文中的funded 等同于题干中的 receives financial support from, 因此答案应该填power companies。注意不要写成单数。

Question 5

答案:
safely

关键词:
Diels, advantage

定位原文:
第5段第3句“ try to use lasers to…”

解题思路:
用人名Diels在文中定位到第五段,从题目看出这里应填入一个副词,所以可以在人名周围寻找 use或者use的替换词,并且在其周围找带有-ly形式的词,这样正确答案safely很快就能浮出水面了。

Question 6

答案: size

关键词: difficulty, laser equipment

定位原文: 第7段第1、2句“…The laser is no nifty…”

解题思路:
这道题目的定位稍微有一些困难,需要将 difficulty一词与文章中的stumbling block联系起来,进而找到第七段中的laser一词。文中提到,该激光设备并不方便携带,它是个体积占据了一整间房间的庞然大物。看到这里,通过理解,考生们可以想到激光设备最大的问题就是体积太大,不好携带,所以正确答案是size。

Question 7

答案:
B

关键词:
removing electrons

定位原文:
第6段第1句“ extract electrons out…”

解题思路:
本题关键是要理解题目中的与文中的 属于同义替换,这里要表达的是从原子(atoms)中提取电荷(electrons)。

Question 8

答案: C

关键词: then, control electrical charges

定位原文: 第6段第2句“If a laser could generate a line of ionization in the air all the way up to a storm ”

解题思路:
注意文中generate是“产生”的意思;directed at对应文中的 all the way up to,其后的 a storm cloud即对应空格处要填的内容。因此正确答案是C。

Question 9

答案: G

关键词: less dangerous than

定位原文: 第4段和第5段内容

解题思路:解答本题需要对文章有一个提炼,第 9 题问的是激光是相对于哪种方式更加有安全 的技术。根据第四段和第五段可以知道,第四段说火箭发射的缺点,第五段说出于安全性的考虑开始使用激光,因此答案应该是火箭(rockets)。

Question 10

答案: D

关键词:
protection, aimed firstly

定位原文:
第6段第3、4句“To stop the laser…”

解题思路: protection对应文中的 struck; at是解题关键词,即使不知道文中的directed和题目中的aimed是同义词,也可以从词组的形式上看出来两者是同位的,其后的名词即为答案。由此可知答案是D。

Question 11

答案: NO

关键词: Diels, enough money

定位原文: 第8段第3句“‘I cannot say I have…”

解题思路: “I cannot say I have money yet, but I am working on it”( “我还不能说我已经拿到钱了,但是我正在为之努力。”)看到这句话,再联系上句:Bernstein says that Diels’ system is attracting lots of interest from the power But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial (Bernstein表示,Diels的激光系统正在引起各电力公司的广泛兴趣。但他们还没有准备EPRI提出的500万美元——开发一个……的商用系统的所需资金。)这两句话足以证明Diels系统还没有得到足够的资金支持。

Question 12

答案:
YES

关键词:
depend on tests in real storms

定位原文:
第8段第4句“He reckons…”

解题思路:
根据第八段Bernstein的话可知,他认为即将来临的实地测验将是转折点,他希望有好消息。如果一切进展顺利,Bernstein 预测关注和支持将潮涌而来。题目表述符合文意。

Question 13

答案:
NOT GIVEN

关键词:
Diels, weather forecasters

定位原文:
第9段最后两句“Diels also hopes…”

解题思路:
文章第九段虽然提到了天气预报,即Diels希望将来看到“交互式气象学”, 不仅是预报天气,还可以控制天气 ;但是却并没有提到过 weather forecasters 的态度,他们也许感兴趣,也许不感兴趣,无从判断。

Test 3 Passage 2

Question 14-Question 18

答案: B C F H J

关键词: popular beliefs

定位原文: 第2段整体内容

解题思路: A 对应“if people are talented…”意思是“如果一个人在某一方面具有天赋,他们必然在另一方面有缺陷”因此天才并非是在各个领域都具备天赋的,A错误;B对应“prodigies burn…” 意思是“神童只是昙花一现”B选项正确;C对应“people with ” 言下之意也就是有天赋的人需要使用他们的天赋,C正确;F对应“genius runs in families” 也就是说天赋是遗传的,F对;H对应“we envy the ”说明人们并不会真正欣赏天才,H正确;J对应“adversity makes…” 说明天才在困境中发展其天赋, J正确;其他选项没有提及。

Question 19

答案: TRUE

关键词:
nineteen-century, studies

定位原文:第3段内容

解题思路: 本题需要通读第3段,可以得知,原文只提到了研究会考虑 the method of upbringing,但是没有考虑到 uniqueness of the person’s upbringing,题目表述符合文意。

Question 20

答案: TRUE

关键词:
nineteen-century, objectivity

定位原文:
第3段最后1句“It was only with…”

解题思路:
通过本句首先可以推测出19世纪关于天才的研究缺乏客观性,然后通过if still not always very scientific得知,连20世纪有关天才的研究都并不总是很科学,那么就更别提19世纪的研究了,因此可以推测出本题正确答案是TRUE。

Question 21

答案:
FALSE

关键词:
general powers, area

定位原文:第4段第5句“We may disagree…”

解题思路:定位句的意思是“但我们可能会对“各方面”这一点有所保留,因为我们怀疑是否所有的天才音乐家都可以成为天才科学家,反之亦然。”这句话表明了作者对于所谓全能型天才的质疑,正好与题干的表述相反,故答案应该是 FALSE。

Question 22

答案:
TRUE

关键词:
skills, ordinary individuals, prodigies

定位原文:第5段第1句“What we appreciate,…”

解题思路:天才的技能和普通人的技能在本质上是相似的,尽管在表现上不一样。题目表述符合文意。

Question 23

答案:
TRUE

关键词:
truly great ideas

定位原文:第5段最后两句“But that their minds…”

解题思路:
作者先是举出数个例子来说明天才伟大的思想或者作品已经成为日常生活中司空见惯的东西,这就对应了题目的前半句the ,接着又提出This does not minimise the supremacy of their achievements,正好对应题干后半句。因此此题选TRUE。

Question 24

答案:
NOT GIVEN

关键词:
giftedness, genius, scientific research

定位原文:第6段第1句“To think of geniuses and the gifted…”

解题思路:第6段开头提到了“geniuses and the gifted…”但是题目表述的观点没有被提及。

Question 25

答案:
TRUE

关键词:
pay a high price

定位原文:第6段最后一句话“ we should also recognize…”

解题思路:
这句话以及接下来的内容明确说明了天才在成为天才的道路上所付出的高昂代价,是本题中最容易判断的一道题目。

Question 26

答案:
NOT GIVEN

关键词:
high personal cost

定位原文:第6段最后1句的后半句“ we should also…”

解题思路:…但是也应该看到他们为此所付出的代价,看到他们的锲而不舍,专心致志,献身精神,自我约束,他们对自己时间和精力的严格要求,以及多少次他们不得不表现出极大的勇气来保持自身的正直或艰难地走向成功。这些都是天才为了成为天才而付出的个人代价,但是通过其前后句,没有任何一个评述讲到这种个人付出值还是不值。典型的文中无此信息型题目。

Test 3 Passage 3

Question 27

答案:
ix

关键词:
fundamental differences, objects, organisms

定位原文:B段前4句“Our ‘dead’ products… the same way”

解题思路:要想弄清楚这一段的意思,至少要阅读前半段,才能明白作者是在对object变旧的过程和生物体衰老的过程做对比。通过is not inexorable in the same way 猜测出是对应答案中的fundamental differences。正确答案为ix。

Question 28

答案:
ii

关键词:
dying, beneficial

定位原文:C段第3、4句“Nevertheless, a restricted…”

解题思路:首先在C段找到表达转折意义的副词 nevertheless,一般段落大意都藏在转折词后面;接着发现the reason for this,这就可以对应选项ii中的why;接着读下去发现提到了死亡是必要的,immortality会扰乱整个生态系统,这样就可以进行选择了。正确答案是ii。

Question 29

答案:
vii

关键词:
stable, despite improvements

定位原文:D段第2句和第4句“ but within one species…”“Although more…”

解题思路:本段指出,每个生物体都有极具特色的寿命;不同物种之间的寿命有很大差别,但同一物种中,这个参数相对恒定,这就是选项vii中所提到的a stable life span; 接下来的although则可以对应Heading中的despite, improvement对应句中的 developments in medical care and better nutrition。这样就和Heading的意思完全吻合了。正确答案是vii。

Question 30

答案:
i

关键词:
biological clock

定位原文:E段第1句“If a life span is a genetically…”

解题思路:本段首句中提到:如果寿命是一个由基因决定的生物特征,那么我们就有必要提出这样一个观点,那就是生物体内存在一个内部时钟。这是文章第一次提到生物钟这样一个概念。正确答案是i。

Question 31:

答案:
viii

关键词:
energy consumption

定位原文:
F段第1句“Animals which behave "frugally" with…”

解题思路:本段列举了众多例子,都是为了说明一个问题——能力消耗的多少与寿命长短成反比:新陈代谢越快,寿命越,新陈代谢越慢,寿命越长。选项 iii“能力消耗”抽象概括了本段的主题。

Question 32:

答案:
iv

关键词:
prolonging

定位原文:
G段首句“It follows from…”

解题思路:
Heading中的prolong一词等同于本段首句中的extend。句意为:“从上面的讨论可以看出,节约使用我们的能量储备应该可以延长寿命。”正确答案是iv。

Question 33 & Question 34

答案:
physical chemistry (and) thermodynamics

关键词:
objects age in accordance with principle

定位原文:
B段第3、4句“Ageing in this case…”

解题思路:
并列的两处空格中需填名词。首先到文中寻找 objects一词,可以在B段顺利找到,然后请注意寻找并列关系连接词and,很快可以发现正确答案。答案为physical chemistry (and) thermodynamics。

Question 35:

答案:
adapt

关键词:
mutations, organisms

定位原文:
C段第5句“Because of…”

解题思路:
首先通过mutations一词将此题在文章中定位,虽然寻找过程不容易,但是一定要相信自己能找到。定位之后寻找空格后的关键字better to,根据空格前的情态动词can推测空格处只能填一个动词,而且是原型,还要能和to搭配。这么一来,这句话里只有一个对应词比较合适:adaptation, 将其变形为动词即可。

Question 36:

答案:
immortality

关键词:
evolution theory

定位原文:
C段最后1句“Immortality would disturb …”

解题思路:
空格处要填入的是会对进化论带来严重问题的内容,可通过evolution进行定位。注意disturb一词意思 是“干扰、扰乱”,对应题目中的pose a serious problem for,因此答案为 immortality。

Question 37:

答案:
NO

关键词:
the wear and tear theory

定位原文:
B段前4句“Our ‘dead’ products…”

解题思路:对于生物体而言,死亡并非不可阻挡的,因此自然磨损理论对于生物体来讲,当然就不太适用了。

inexorable在解题中起着关键作用。

Question 38:

答案:
YES

关键词:
older, ageing

定位原文:
B段第5句“At least as long as…”

解题思路:
至少只要一个生物系统有能力自我更新,它就确实能够不断成长但不会老化……

这句话与题目中的叙述完全吻合,故答案应该是YES

Question 39:

答案:
NOT GIVEN

关键词:
seven years, 90 per cent

定位原文:
B段和F段

解题思路:
文章在 B 段和 F 段均提到生物体的更新代谢,但是并没有提到具体的数值。

Question 40:

答案:
YES

关键词:
energy

定位原文:
G段第1句“It follows from…”

解题思路:
题目表述是G段首句的同义替换, 其中题目中的 conserving energy 对应原文中的 sparing use of energy。


雅思阅读答案 第9篇

Questions 1-7

Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs,

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-7 on your answer

NB You may use any letter more than

1 a reference to the exchange of expertise between different sports

2 an explanation of how visual imaging is employed in investigations

3 a reason for narrowing the scope of research activity

4 how some AIS ideas have been reproduced

5 how obstacles to optimum achievement can be investigated

6 an overview of the funded support of athletes

7 how performance requirements are calculated before an event

Questions 8-11

Classify the following techniques according to whether the writer states they

A are currently exclusively used by Australians

B will be used in the future by Australians

C are currently used by both Australians and their rivals

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 8-11 on your answer

8 cameras

9 sensors

10 protein tests

11 altitude tents

Questions 12 and 13

Answer the questions

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS ANDIOR A NUMBER from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer

12 What is produced to help an athlete plan their performance in an event?

13 By how much did some cyclists’ performance improve at the 1996 Olympic Games?

雅思阅读答案 第10篇

PASSAGE 1 参考译文:

数学崛起之地

就数学的平均成绩而言,日本的纪录要比英格兰和威尔士好得多。20世纪60年代以来,就学生数学成绩所做的大量国际样本比较研究证实,13岁的日本学生平均分数更高,同时也证实了英国表现 “不佳”的学生比例更大,而且,顺便说一句,英国学生分数的变化也比日本学生大得多。两个国家在教育上的国民生产总值比例十分相近,那日本是如何实现这一更高、更稳定的数学成绩的呢?

日本的初中教育为时三年,从7年级(13岁)到9年级(15岁)。几乎所有这个阶段的学生都选择国立学校:只有3%在私立机构就读。学校通常都设计得很现代化,远离马路,占地面积也很大。教室空间很大,学生使用的是成排的独立课桌。每堂课的持续时间是标准化的50分钟,然后是10分钟的休息时间,可以让学生们放松一下。教师上课以正式的问候和互相鞠躬开始,之后注意力就集中在整堂课的教学上了。

上课的班级较大——通常约40人——且不根据智力水平分班。学生在校期间的所有课程都在同一个班级,因此他们有相当强烈的班级认同感和忠诚意识。学生在自己的社区上学,从理论上排除了学校排名。实际上在东京,因为学校相对比较集中,在某些特定区域会存在一些进入“更好的” 学校的竞争。

传统的教学方式是课堂的基础,学生们安安静静地对老师指出的重点和给出的示例做笔记。每个 学生都有自己的课本,由中央教育机构文部省(Monbusho)提供,这也是15岁以下的公民享有免费义务教育理念的一部分。总体来说,这些课本体积较小,制作成本可能比较低,但排版精美,结构合理。(有一位老师特别热衷于在数学课本中引入色彩和插图:他觉得这样的课本更容易被在卡通文化背景下长大的学生所接受。)除了批准使用课本,文部省还负责制定高度集中化的全国统一课程及其执行方式。

所有的课堂都遵循相同的模式。一上课,学生先把家庭作业的答案写在黑板上,然后由老师讲评、 纠正,必要时进行详细解释。学生自己批改作业:这在日本的学校教育中是一条重要原则,因为这样做可以让学生认识到自己在哪里犯了错误,为什么会犯错误,从而避免今后再犯同样的错误。没有人在意你的错误或者无知,只要你能从中有所收获。

讨论完家庭作业之后,教师就开始讲解本堂课的主题,速度很慢,有很多重复和详细解释。所有例子都在黑板上演示;课本上的一些问题先在课堂上由大家一起完成,另外一些问题随后再单独布置给每个学生。数学课上,老师只在极少数情况下才会发一些额外的练习册。给人的印象是,课本的逻辑性,其中对各种例子的全面涵盖,再加上学生水平整齐划一,使得练习册无用武之地。布置完作业,教师就会在教室里转一转,以确保所有学生都没有进一步的问题。

值得注意的是,在从6岁到15岁的整个义务教育期间,学生可能都是在能力不一的大班里一起学习数学。教师们说他们会在课堂结束时或者放学后给学生个别辅导,必要的话还会额外再留作业。

在被观摩的课堂上,任何有困难的学生都能得到老师的帮助,或者他们会悄悄请同桌帮助。精心培养出的班级认同感让学生热衷于互相帮助——无论如何,班级的共同进步与他们休戚相关。

这样的帮助似乎并不能让后进的学生跟上班级进度。但是,日本人对待教育的态度所遵循的原则是“只要你足够努力,你就几乎无所不能”。父母能够及时了解到孩子的进步,在帮助孩子跟上班级进度方面起了不少作用,必要时他们会把孩子送到“聚酷(私立夜校补习班)”,并鼓励他们刻苦学习。这种做法好像至少对95%的在校生都能起到作用。

那么什么是日本数学教学成功的主要因素呢?显然,态度是很重要的。在日本文化中,教育极受重视;数学被视作整个学校教育过程中一门重要的必修科目;刻苦努力和精益求精是重中之重。

其他关乎成功的因素包括班级对后进生的支持态度,班级内没有竞争,积极强调为自己而学习以及提高自身的水平等。“重复乏味的课堂和死记硬背事实性知识”不时被引用来描述日本的课堂, 这种观点也许是不公平也不公正的。观摩中并没有看到糟糕的数学课,基本上都不错,且其中一两堂课还让人感到很有启发性。

TEST 4 PASSAGE 2 参考译文:

生物防虫法

为了控制害虫,人们不停地大肆使用人工合成的化学药物,而事实证明,这一行为适得其反,给农作物和人类健康带来了威胁。除了造成大规模的生态失调,杀虫剂还催生了一种具有抗药性的新型超级致命病菌。

联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)最近的一项研究显示,超过300种的农业害虫已经对多种强效杀虫剂产生了抗药性。更严重的是,在传播疾病的害虫中,约有100种已经对多种正在使用的杀虫剂产生了免疫力。

使用杀虫剂的一个很明显的缺点在于,尽管它能杀掉害虫,但是它也无意中毁掉了许多有用的有机生物,这些生物能够控制害虫数量的增长。这就导致了农业生态学家所说的“跑步机综合征”。人们知道,因为许多害虫都具有强大的繁殖潜力和基因多样性,所以它们能够抵抗各种合成的化学药品,它们生育的后代则拥有与生俱来的抗药性。

“跑步机综合征”的巨大破坏力在中美洲棉农的遭遇中得到了展现。20世纪40年代早期,人们正陶醉在以化学药品为基础的密集型农业所带来的繁荣之中。为了确保增产,农民们疯狂地使用农药。在20世纪40 年代中期,一年要用8次杀虫剂。到了20世纪50年代中期,由于3种新型抗药害虫的数量突然猛增,用药次数增至一季度28次。

到20世纪60年代中期,情况变得越发令人不安,又出现了4种新害虫,使得喷洒农药的费用占到了棉花生产费用的50%。20世纪70年代初,拥有更强基因的害虫继续人侵农田,农民被逼到了绝境,农药喷洒作业频繁到了一季度70次。

美国环保机构的一项研究显示,当今市场上的大部分农药的致癌性、引发基因突变的特性和其他危害健康的性质仍未经过足够的检测。美国国家资源保护委员会发现,在一长串投入使用的危险化学药品当中,DDT(过去常用的一种无色农药)的应用最为广泛。

滥用农药所带来的危害日益加剧。面对这种情况,一种更加行之有效而健全的生态策略,即生物防虫法,就越来越受欢迎。这种策略主要是有选择性地使用害虫的天敌。尽管迄今为止,这一新领域潜力有限,但是受欢迎程度还是与日俱增。与其他方法相比,其优势在于它拥有相对低廉的成本、永久的控制系统和程度最低的毒副作用。经过专家处理,生物防虫法是安全无污染的,且昆虫能够自行消散。

位于班加罗尔的英联邦生物防治研究所(CIBC)是从事害虫的生物防治研究工作最活跃的非营利性研究机构之一,拥有遍布全球的研究实验室和野外站,它致力于研究通过投放寄生虫的天敌来实施生物控制。同时,它也是一个全球性的虫害防治生物制剂进出口信息交换机构。

银胶菊曾经严重影响印度和澳大利亚的农业和人类健康。CIBC引入了一种专吃银胶菊种子的墨西哥象鼻虫,并成功地控制住了这种令人讨厌的银胶菊的蔓延。无独有偶,一种水葫芦给世界上许多地方的人们都造成了困扰和麻烦。鉴于此,受CIBC资助的位于海得拉巴的区域研究实验室(RRL)正在试验用一种阿根廷象鼻虫消灭这种危险的杂草。据RRL的Kaiser Jamil女士透露:“阿根廷象鼻虫不会咬噬其他植物。一对成年的虫子在4~5天之内就能将这种杂草消灭掉。”现在,CIBC正在完善一项繁殖寄生虫的技术来对付一种disapene scale昆虫,这种害虫在美国和印度是臭名昭著的果树脱叶剂。

以下是一些有效实施生物防虫法的案例。20世纪60年代末期,斯里兰卡繁茂的椰子树林遭到了吞噬叶子的hispides的侵害,结果这种害虫被一种引自新加坡的寄生虫幼虫成功地控制住了。在印度,当地一种名叫Neodumetia sangawani的天敌昆虫对于控制罗兹岛的草绒蚁非常有效,后者在美国的很多地方大量吞唾饲草。此外,喀拉拉邦农业大学的科学家利用一种叫做布奇水葫芦象甲的巴西甲虫治理了一条12公里长的运河,消灭了大片大片被喀拉拉邦人叫做耳槐叶萍的槐叶萍,在那里约有30, 000公顷的稻田都受到了这种杂草的侵害。

TEST 4 PASSAGE 3 参考译文:

采集蚂蚁样本

收集蚂蚁可以很简单,将一只只单独行动的蚂蚁捡起放入玻璃罐中即可。这个过程也可以很复杂,比如完成对一个地区所有物种的详细调查,并且判断它们的相对丰富度。到底使用哪种方法将取决于采集的最终目的。如果出于分类学的目的(也就是归类),可以通过锁定一个蚁巢中包含所有蚁种(包括主要的和次要的工蚁,也包括可能存在的蚁后和蚁王)的一系列样本来确定物种的变种。如果是以生态学研究为目的,最重要的因素就是尽可能多地采集现有不同物种的可辨认样本。然而遗憾的是,这两种方法通常不兼容。分类学家们有时倾向于采集研究中的种群标本而忽视了整个物种,而生态学家们经常只是搜集每个物种的一定数量的样本,因此也就降低了这些样本的分类研究价值。

为了尽可能广泛地搜集物种,我们必须运用多种方法。这些方法包括手工采集法、诱饵采集法、落叶层抽样法和陷阱采集法。手工采集法就是去蚂蚁可能出现的所有地方搜集,包括地面、石头下、原木或地面的其他物体上、地面上的朽木里或树上、植被里、树干上以及树皮下。有可能的话,采集应当从蚁巢或觅食蚂蚁群开始搜集,而且至少采集20至25只蚂蚁。这样就确保了所有蚂蚁个体都属同一物种,从而也提高了详细研究的价值。由于有些物种主要在夜间活动,所以采集不应仅限于白天。标本采集可以使用抽吸器 (通常称之为吸虫管)、钳子、质量好的湿油漆刷、或者如果知道蚂蚁不咬人的话,可直接用手采集。单只昆虫可以放在浓度为75%至95%酒精的塑料管或玻璃管(毫升容量用于小蚂蚁,5-8毫升容量用于较大的蚂蚁)中。塑料管较轻,且万一处理不当的话不易破碎,所以带安全塞的塑料管比玻璃管更好。

诱饵可用来吸引和聚拢觅食者。这种方法通常能够增加采集的个体量,还能吸引那些难以捕捉的物种。我们应该使用糖、肉或油,因为它们能引诱多个不同的物种。这些诱饵可以放置在地面上、树干上或者大灌木丛中。放在地面上时,诱饵应该被放在小纸板或其他平整、浅色的表面上,或者放在试管及小瓶中。

这样更容易发现蚂蚁,并且能在它们逃到周围的树叶堆中之前抓住它们。

许多蚂蚁体型小,主要在地面上的树叶层中间和其他废物中觅食。用手采集这些蚂蚁比较困难,最成功的采集方法之一就是聚集蚂蚁们正在其中觅食的落叶,然后从中取出蚂蚁。通常,我们将这些落叶放置在筛子上,下方是一个大漏斗。往往在对漏斗上方进行加热时,随着上面的叶子渐渐变干,蚂蚁(和其他动物)就会向下移动,最终掉下来,从漏斗底部漏出,这样就被收集到了置于漏斗下方的酒精中。这个方法特别适用于雨林和沼泽地区。使用漏斗时,可先用一张粗网筛一下落叶,然后再把落叶放置在漏斗上方,这是一种增加收集量的方法,因为这样做能够去掉大树叶和小树枝,从而把落叶集中起来。在漏斗数量有限的情况下,也能够对更多的落叶进行取样。

陷阱是另一个常用的收集蚂蚁的工具。陷阱可以是任何一个放在地面上的盛有防腐剂的小容器,容器的顶部应与其周围地表保持水平。当蚂蚁出来觅食时,掉进陷阱就被捉到了。陷阱瓶的直径约为18毫米到10 厘米不等,使用数量也可以是几个到几百个不等。陷阱瓶的大小主要由个人喜好决定(虽然较大的瓶子通常比较好),但其数量则由正在进行的研究所决定。由于酒精易挥发,瓶子很快就会干了,所以我们使用的防腐剂通常是乙二醇或丙二醇。陷阱采集法的一个优势在于,仅仅需要极少的维护和干预,它们就能够持续使用一段时间。它的一个缺点是,因为有些物种要么会避开陷阱,要么外出觅食时通常碰不到陷阱,所以用这种方法就采集不到这些蚂蚁。

雅思阅读答案 第11篇

首先是时间掌控

正确的时间分配可以帮助考生在考场上最大限度的发挥自己的实际水平,提高整体正确率。合理的时间安排,原则上是20分钟一篇。

但是考生都有自己熟悉的话题和有把握的题材。所以,在正式开始做题之前,考生不妨可以通过标题浏览等方式Skim三篇文章,按照自己的实际情况对于三篇文章的难易程度进行定位,确定哪篇文章是自己把握性比较大的,对于这种比较有把握文章一定要保证时间充足,这样有助于整体正确率的提升。但是每一篇文章原则上最多不超过25分钟,否则考生是没有办法有效率的完成40道题目的。

在时间分配这一点上,要特别提醒那些基础比较好的考生。因为此类考生往往更加容易“栽跟头”。雅思阅读文章篇幅较长,之后还有四十道题目需要完成,这就要求考生精读和泛读相结合。需要提别提出的是,文章中的信息有主次之分,那些与考题相关的信息才是考生需要精读的内容。而基础较好的同学往往为了保证正确率会采取全篇精读的方式去完成题目,这样的话就没有办法保证在规定的时间内完成所有题目。

最后需要在时间安排上提醒考生们注意的是,要留取填写答题卡的时间。雅思考试第一场听力考试是有10分钟的时间留给考生填写答题卡的。但是在紧接着的第二场阅读考试中,填写答题卡的时间包含在一个小时考试时间里面。在此,雅思中国网海外考试研究中心的老师们建议考生,分篇填写答案。完成一篇之后就把答案填写在答题卡上,这样可以避免最后完全来不及填写答题卡的情况出现。

正确的做题顺序

除去时间掌控之外,考生们在考场上还要注意的是考试的题型安排。正确的做题顺序可以帮助考生更加有效的完成题目。

雅思学术类阅读现在官网上分为十大题型:

Multiple Choice;Short-answer questions;Sentence Completion;Notes, Summary or Table/Flow-chart Completion;Labelling a Diagram;Headings;Locating Information;Identification of Writer’s Views/Claims or of Information in a Text;Classification;Matching。

这些题型绝大多数题目是细节型的题。一般来说,建议考生按照从大意题到细节题的做题顺序完成整篇试题。也就是说,在考试过程中,如果考生遇到“Headings”这种标准的大意题,当然是需要最先完成的。而其他细节题在考生对于文章大意有所了解的前提下去完成会很容易定位。在此需要特别说明的是最近很流行的细节配对题,一般建议考生安排在其他题目完成之后再去完成,这样考生对于文章的结构和各段的大意都有比较清晰的了解,在这个基础上再去完成细节配对题会节约很多定位的时间,而且正确率也会有所提升。

良好的心理素质

最后要提醒即将考试的“烤鸭”们的就是信心和情绪。良好的心理素质是在考场上正常发挥水平的重要保证。

长期辛苦的备考之后,考生们有理由相信自己会在考场上取得满意的成绩。适当的自信也是阅读速度和解题正确率的保证。另外,有些考生如果碰到的文章是自己不熟悉的领域或不熟悉的题型就会大受“打击”,影响做题情绪。这个是完全没有必要的。要明白有时候文章当中那些生词往往根本不会影响考生做题,属于我们上文所提及的次要信息。所以千万不要让那些次要的内容影响了做题目的情绪,否则就是得不偿失了。

专家题的这三条建议也许不多,但却能够给即将上阵的“烤鸭”们一个很好的提醒和帮助,只要按照老师的建议走下去,再加上自己的努力,相信考生们会考出一鸣惊人的成绩的。

雅思阅读真题及答案:rainwater harvesting相关

雅思阅读答案 第12篇

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1

BAKELITE

The birth of modern plastics

In 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic His invention, which he named ‘Bakelite,’ was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modern plastics

The term ‘plastic’ comes from the Greek plassein, meaning ‘to mould’. Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic (the result of chemical action on a natural substance), and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or Some are ‘thermoplastic’, which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can then be Others are ‘thermosetting’: like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting

The history of today’s plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth The impetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by a number of factors — immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of ‘luxury’ materials such as tortoiseshell and

Baekeland’s interest in plastics began in 1885 when, as a young chemistry student in Belgium, he embarked on research into phenolic resins, the group of sticky substances produced when phenol (carbolic acid) combines with an aldehyde (a volatile fluid similar to alcohol). He soon abandoned the subject, however, only returning to it some years By 1905 he was a wealthy New Yorker, having recently made his fortune with the invention of a new photographic While Baekeland had been busily amassing dollars, some advances had been made in the development of The years 1899 and 1900 had seen the patenting of the first semi-synthetic thermosetting material that could be manufactured on an industrial In purely scientific terms, Baekeland’s major contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, but rather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use

The original patent outlined a three-stage process, in which phenol and formaldehyde (from wood or coal) were initially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped The result was a resin known as Novalak which became soluble and malleable when The resin was allowed to cool in shallow trays until it hardened, and then broken up and ground into Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton, which increase strength and moisture resistance, catalysts (substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicals without joining to either) and hexa, a compound of ammonia and formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form a thermosetting This resin was then left to cool and harden, and ground up a second The resulting granular powder was raw Bakelite, ready to be made into a vast range of manufactured In the last stage, the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow mould of the required shape and subjected to extreme heat and pressure, thereby ‘setting’ its form for

The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television sets, was governed to a large extent by the technical requirements of the molding The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould, and if necessary the product was molded in separate Moulds had to be carefully designed so that the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, ‘streamlined’ style popular in the The thickness of the walls of the mould was also crucial: thick walls took longer to cool and harden, a factor which had to be considered by the designer in order to make the most efficient use of

Baekeland’s invention, although treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth It became the wonder product of the new world of industrials expansion — ‘the material of a thousand uses’. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-free and Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the preplastic It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despised and destroyed in vast Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors’ marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative

Questions 1-3

Complete the

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer

Some plastics behave in a similar way to 1……… in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new Bakelite was unique because it was the first material to be both entirely 2……… in origin, and

There were several reasons for the research into plastics in the nineteenth century, among them the great advances that had been made in the field of 3…………and the search for alternatives to natural resources like

Questions 4-8

Complete the

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 4-8 on your answer

The Production of Bakelite

图片6

Questions 9 and 10

Choose TWO letters

Write your answers in boxes 9 and 10 on your answer

NB Your answers may be given in either

Which TWO of the following factors influencing the design of Bakelite objects are mentioned in the text?

A the function which the object would serve

B the ease with which the resin could fill the mould

C the facility with which the object could be removed from the mould

D the limitations of the materials used to manufacture the mould

E the fashionable styles of the period

Questions 11-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

11 Modern-day plastic preparation is based on the same principles as that patented in

12 Bakelite was immediately welcomed as a practical and versatile

13 Bakelite was only available in a limited range of

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2

What’s so funny?

John McCrone reviews recent research on humor

The joke comes over the headphones: ‘Which side of a dog has the most hair? The ’ No, not Try ‘Which side of a dog has the most hair? The ’ Hah! The punchline is silly yet fitting, tempting a smile, even a Laughter has always struck people as deeply mysterious, perhaps The writer Arthur Koestler dubbed it the luxury reflex: ‘unique in that it serves no apparent biological ’

Theories about humour have an ancient Plato expressed the idea that humor is simply a delighted feeling of superiority over Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies on building up a psychic tension which is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of the But most modern humor theorists have settled on some version of Aristotle’s belief that jokes are based on a reaction to or resolution of incongruity, when the punchline is either a nonsense or, though appearing silly, has a clever second

Graeme Ritchie, a computational linguist in Edinburgh, studies the linguistic structure of jokes in order to understand not only humor but language understanding and reasoning in He says that while there is no single format for jokes, many revolve around a sudden and surprising conceptual A comedian will present a situation followed by an unexpected interpretation that is also

So even if a punchline sounds silly, the listener can see there is a clever semantic fit and that sudden mental ‘Aha!’ is the buzz that makes us Viewed from this angle, humor is just a form of creative insight, a sudden leap to a new

However, there is another type of laughter, the laughter of social appeasement and it is important to understand this Play is a crucial part of development in most young Rats produce ultrasonic squeaks to prevent their scuffles turning Chimpanzees have a ‘play-face’ — a gaping expression accompanied by a panting ‘ah ah’ In humans, these signals have mutated into smiles and Researchers believe social situations, rather than cognitive events such as jokes, trigger these instinctual markers of play or People laugh on fairground rides or when tickled to flag a play situation, whether they feel amused or

Both social and cognitive types of laughter tap into the same expressive machinery in our brains, the emotion and motor circuits that produce smiles and excited However, if cognitive laughter is the product of more general thought processes, it should result from more expansive brain

Psychologist Vinod Goel investigated humour using the new technique of ‘single event’ functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An MRI scanner uses magnetic fields and radio waves to track the changes in oxygenated blood that accompany mental Until recently, MRI scanners needed several minutes of activity and so could not be used to track rapid thought processes such as comprehending a New developments now allow half-second ‘snapshots’ of all sorts of reasoning and problem-solving

Although Goel felt being inside a brain scanner was hardly the ideal place for appreciating a joke, he found evidence that understanding a joke involves a widespread mental His scans showed that at the beginning of a joke the listener’s prefrontal cortex lit up, particularly the right prefrontal believed to be critical for problem But there was also activity in the temporal lobes at the side of the head (consistent with attempts to rouse stored knowledge) and in many other brain Then when the punchline arrived, a new area sprang to life — the orbital prefrontal This patch of brain tucked behind the orbits of the eyes is associated with evaluating

Making a rapid emotional assessment of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding job for the brain, animal or Energy and arousal levels may need to be retuned in the blink of an These abrupt changes will produce either positive or negative The orbital cortex, the region that becomes active in Goel’s experiment, seems the best candidate for the site that feeds such feelings into higher-level thought processes, with its close connections to the brain’s sub-cortical arousal apparatus and centres of metabolic

All warm-blooded animals make constant tiny adjustments in arousal in response to external events, but humans, who have developed a much more complicated internal life as a result of language, respond emotionally not only to their surroundings, but to their own Whenever a sought-for answer snaps into place, there is a shudder of pleased Creative discovery being pleasurable, humans have learned to find ways of milking this natural The fact that jokes tap into our general evaluative machinery explains why the line between funny and disgusting, or funny and frightening, can be so Whether a joke gives pleasure or pain depends on a person’s

Humor may be a luxury, but the mechanism behind it is no evolutionary As Peter Derks, a psychologist at William and Mary College in Virginia, says: ‘I like to think of humour as the distorted mirror of the It’s creative, perceptual, analytical and If we can figure out how the mind processes humor, then we’ll have a pretty good handle on how it works in ’

Questions 14-20

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

14 Arthur Koestler considered laughter biologically important in several

15 Plato believed humour to be a sign of above-average

16 Kant believed that a successful joke involves the controlled release of nervous

17 Current thinking on humour has largely ignored Aristotle’s view on the

18 Graeme Ritchie’s work links jokes to artificial

19 Most comedians use personal situations as a source of

20 Chimpanzees make particular noises when they are

Questions 21-23

The diagram below shows the areas of the brain activated by

Label the

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 21-23 on your answer

Questions 24-27

Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-G

Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 24-27 on your answer

24 One of the brain’s most difficult tasks is to

25 Because of the language they have developed, humans

26 Individual responses to humour

27 Peter Derks believes that humour

A react to their own

B helped create language in

C respond instantly to whatever is

D may provide valuable information about the operation of the

E cope with difficult

F relate to a person’s subjective

G led our ancestors to smile and then

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3

The Birth of Scientific English

World science is dominated today by a small number of languages, including Japanese, German and French, but it is English which is probably the most popular global language of This is not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international Given the prominence of scientific English today, it may seem surprising that no one really knew how to write science in English before the 17th Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca1 for European

The European Renaissance ( 14th-16th century) is sometimes called the ‘revival of learning’, a time of renewed interest in the ‘lost knowledge’ of classical At the same time, however, scholars also began to test and extend this The emergent nation states of Europe developed competitive interests in world exploration and the development of Such expansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism and hence the invention of the compass improvements in cartography and — perhaps the most important scientific revolution of them all — the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus (1473-1543).

England was one of the first countries where scientists adopted and publicised Copernican ideas with Some of these scholars, including two with interests in language — John Wallis and John Wilkins — helped found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote empirical scientific

Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopaedias, educational textbooks and Original science was not done in English until the second half of the 17th For example, Newton published his mathematical treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin, but published his later work on the properties of light — Opticks — in

There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in The first was simply a matter of Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, Hence, popular science was written in

A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern for Open publication had dangers in putting into the public domain preliminary ideas which had not yet been fully exploited by their ‘author’. This growing concern about intellectual property rights was a feature of the period — it reflected both the humanist notion of the individual, rational scientist who invents and discovers through private intellectual labour, and the growing connection between original science and commercial There was something of a social distinction between ‘scholars and gentlemen’ who understood Latin, and men of trade who lacked a classical And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or in private messages deposited in a sealed box with the Royal Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though international, was socially Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an ‘insider language’.

A third reason why the writing of original science in English was delayed may have been to do with the linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern English was not well equipped to deal with scientific First it lacked the necessary technical Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between complex and hypothetical

Fortunately, several members of the Royal Society possessed an interest in Language and became engaged in various linguistic Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English language came to little, the society’s members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English and to encourage the development of a suitable writing Many members of the Royal Society also published monographs in One of the first was by Robert Hooke, the society’s first curator of experiments, who described his experiments with microscopes in Micrographia (1665). This work is largely narrative in style, based on a transcript of oral demonstrations and

In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was Perhaps the first international English-language scientific journal, it encouraged a new genre of scientific writing, that of short, focused accounts of particular

The 17th century was thus a formative period in the establishment of scientific In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of It is estimated that by the end of the 18th century 401 German scientific journals had been established as opposed to 96 in France and 50 in However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary, and new, specialized, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new

lingua franca: a language which is used for communication between groups of people who speak different languages

Questions 28-34

Complete the

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 28-34 on your answer

In Europe, modern science emerged at the same time as the nation At first, the scientific language of choice remained 28…………… . It allowed scientists to communicate with other socially privileged thinkers while protecting their work from unwanted Sometimes the desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than the desire to communicate them, particularly in the case of mathematicians and 29…………… . In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the 30…………… nor the 31………… to express their This situation only changed after 1660 when scientists associated with the 32………… set about developing An early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing based on short descriptions of specific Although English was then overtaken by 33……… , it developed again in the 19th century as a direct result of the 34……………….

Questions 35-37

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

35 There was strong competition between scientists in Renaissance

36 The most important scientific development of the Renaissance period was the discovery of

37 In 17th-century Britain, leading thinkers combined their interest in science with an interest in how to express

Questions 38-40

Complete the

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer

Science written in the first half of the 17th century

Language used Latin English

Type of science Original 38…………

Examples 39………… Encyclopaedias

Target audience International scholars 40…………, but socially wider

雅思阅读答案 第13篇

Q1-6: 简答题 ( NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS)

What is the major way for local people make barely a support of living in Muthukandiya village?

Crop production B段第三行

Where can adult workers make extra money from in daytime?

Sugar-cane plantations

What have been dug to supply water for daily household life?

Three wells

In which year did the plan of a new project to lessen the effect of drought begin?

1998

Where do the gutters and pipes collect rainwater from?

roofs of houses

What help family obtain more water for domestic needs than those relying on only wells and ponds?

Storage tanks

Q7-14: YES/NO/NOT GIVEN

NG

Most of the government"s actions and other programs have somewhat

YES

Masons were trained for the constructing parts of the rainwater harvesting

NO

The cost of rainwater harvesting systems was shared by local villagers and the local

YES

Tanks increase both the amount and quality of the water for domestic

NO

To send her daughter to school, a widow had to work for a job in rainwater harvesting

NOT GIVEN

Households benefited began to pay part of the maintenance or

NOT GIVEN

Training two masons at the same time is much more preferable to training single

NO

Other organizations had built tanks larger in size than the tanks built in

雅思阅读答案 第14篇

Passage 1

Question 1

答案:
v

关键词:
段落匹配题,暂无题干关键词

定位原文: A段内容

解题思路: A段将了一个医药公司销售代表去一个医疗中心展示自己最新样品的叙述,医生半开玩笑地问了一个问题是what do you have?对照list,应该是v,一个事例的单纯叙述。

Question 2

答案:vi

关键词:段落匹配题,暂无题干关键词

定位原文: B段内容

解题思路: B段讲述了药品推销代表Schaefer的推销礼品预算,因此答案应为选项vi。

Question 3

答案:iii

关键词:段落匹配题,暂无题干关键词

定位原文: C段最后两句

解题思路: 原文说……商业不会采取没有效用的策略,那么医生是否应该为药品销售的过度铺张受到谴责呢?抑或是划定界限的责任应该由制药行业承担?前面还说到一个类似的比喻,是先有鸡还是先有蛋的问题。说明是一个争执型的问题,对应选项iii“谁该为不断增加的推销负责?”

Question 4

答案:
ix

关键词:段落匹配题,暂无题干关键词

定位原文: D段内容,第2句“Salespeople provide…”

解题思路: 第2句说销售人员向医师提供急需的信息和教育。很多情况下,光洁的小册子、打印的文章和处方是销售人员向健康护理人员提供的主要资源。对应选项ix“药品推销的积极面”。

Question 5

答案:i

关键词:段落匹配题,暂无题干关键词

定位原文: E段最后4句内容

解题思路: 最后4句话说这些钱花得有意义吗?这一点很难说。“我一直接受一家公司的髙尔夫球, 我也使用这些球,但是这并不意味着我会在处方中开这家公司的药品”,一名医生这样说,“我更倾向于认为自己并没有受到他们给我提供的物品的影响。”对应选项i“并不是所有的医生都被药品推销打动”。

Question 6

答案:vii

关键词:段落匹配题,暂无题干关键词

定位原文:F段第3句“Though few…”

解题思路: 定位局说虽然在这方面很少有综合研究,但是华盛顿大学的一项研究调查了药品试用品的可获取性是如何影响医生开处方的。对应选项vii“药品推销效果的研究。”

Question 7

答案:x

关键词:段落匹配题,暂无题干关键词

定位原文: G段第1、2句“The bottom line…”

解题思路: 定位句说制药公司就整体而言,在市场上的投入远远大于在研发上的投入。最终在飞涨的处方价格中,病人会为分发的每一支笔、每一张免费戏票、每一顿牛排晚餐买单。这个就回答了x选项中的问题,谁在真正为医生的免费礼物买单呢?

Question 8

答案:
NO

关键词:Kim Schaefer, budget

定位原文: B段第2、3句“But on any given…”

解题思路: Schaefer所能提供的东西在医药销售中是非常有代表性的,一车厢用于促销的礼物和小玩意,能支付一个小地区买午餐和晚餐的预算,数百个药物免费试用品,以及可以自由给医生支付的200美元,用以给六个适宜使用其公司药品的患者开药。另外,她还有1000美金的酬金作为医生参加公司下次教育讲座的费用。这个叙述和题干的“类似Kim Schaefer这样的销售代表的预算十分有限。”是冲突的。

Question 9

答案:
YES

关键词:
criticism on moral grounds

定位原文: C段第3句“They work in…”

解题思路: 原文说他们从事的是因销售和营销的方式备受批评的行业,与题干“Kim Schaefer的销售策略有可能会受到道德的谴责”表达一致。

Question 10

答案:
NO

关键词:information provided by drug companies

定位原文: D段第2句“Sales people provide…”

解题思路: much-needed这个词就说明这样的信息是非常需要的,和题干的“医药公司提供的信息对医生几乎没有什么用处”这个意思是冲突的。

Question 11

答案:
YES

关键词:Evidence of drug promotion

定位原文: E段第3、4句“Rarely…”

解题思路: 病人几乎看不到医生使用没有药品名称的笔或者护士使用没有印上公司标识的小药片,很多钱都花在了制作促销产品上,什么咖啡杯,雨伞,T-shirt等等,这些证据都是清晰可见的,所以答案是YES。

Question 12

答案:
NOT GIVEN

关键词:free drug samples, prescriptions

定位原文: F段最后1句“A total of…”

解题思路: 虽提到了药物试用品,但和题目的内容完全不相关。因此答案为NOT GIVEN。

Question 13

答案:
YES

关键词:legitimate, make money

定位原文: G段第3句“In the end…”

解题思路: 定位句说最终,事实就是制药公司总能获取利润,并会不断发现促进销售的新方法,题干表述没有问题。

Test 4 Passage 2

Question 14

答案:
B

关键词:Nicaraguan National Literacy Crusade, illiterate

定位原文: 第3段第2句“By 1985…”

解题思路: 到1985年,全国有30万文盲人口学会了阅读、 写宇和使用数宇,其中很多人没上过小学。因此答案为B选项。

Question 15

答案:
F

关键词:pubic health experts, child health

定位原文: 第5段第2句开始到结束

解题思路: 明确提到研究结果表明女性的受教育程度和孩子的健康有密切联系。因此答案为F选项。

Question 16

答案:
C

关键词:Nicaragua

定位原文: 第4段最后1句: “The research teams…”

解题思路: 研究小组同时也调查了存活的孩子以了解他们的健康程度。因此答案为C选项。

Question 17

答案:J

关键词:attitudes, eliminated

定位原文: 第2段第1句“Most…”

解题思路: 女性受到教育这一事实可能仅仅显示出其家庭比较富裕或者家庭更为看重子女…所以答案为J。

Question 18

答案:
F

关键词:infant health and survival

定位原文: 第2段最后1句“Now a…”

解题思路: 这项研究的结果表明妇女阅读能力的提高对其孩子的健康和生存有直接影响。

Question 19

答案:NOT GIVEN

关键词:a thousand of the women

定位原文: 第4段第1句

解题思路: 就在这里说调查了3000名女性,然后一些怎么样,另一些怎么样,但是并没有说到题干说的研究人员调查的妇女中大约有1000人在儿童时期就学会了阅读。

Question 20

答案:
NO

关键词:Before the National Literacy Crusade

定位原文: 第5段内容

解题思路: 研究者的发现令人吃惊。在20世纪70年代末期,文盲母亲的婴儿死亡率约为1000个婴儿中有110个死亡。那些后来才学习阅读的母亲也有相同的婴儿死亡率(105/1000)。然而对于那些在小学期间接受教育的女性而言,婴儿死亡率为相对而言比较低,为80/1000。”显然婴儿死亡率差异很大,因此答案为NO。

Question 21

答案:
YES

关键词:110 deaths

定位原文: 第5段第2句和第6段的第1句

解题思路: 在20世纪70年代末期,文盲母亲的婴儿死亡率约为1000 个婴儿中有 110个死亡。……在1985年,全国扫盲运动结束后,仍旧不识字和小学期间接受教育的母亲的婴儿死亡率几乎没有什么改变。因此答案为YES。

Question 22

答案:
YES

关键词:the greatest change in infant mortality levels

定位原文: 第6段第2句“For those…”

解题思路: 而那些在这场运动中学会阅读的女性,其婴儿死亡率为 84/1000,比仍然不识字的母亲的婴儿死亡率整整低了21点。因此答案为YES。

Question 23

答案:
NO

关键词:the lowest rates of child mortality

定位原文: 第5段最后1句和第6段第2句

解题思路: 在全国扫盲运动中学会阅读的女性婴儿死亡率最低。

原文:“然而对于那些在小学期间接受教育的女性而言,婴儿死亡率相对而言比较低,为80/1000。……而那些在这场运动中学会阅读的女性,其婴儿死亡率为84/1000……”。可见,在全国扫盲运动中学会阅读的女性的婴儿死亡率髙于那些在小学期间接受教育的女性,因此答案为NO。

Question 24

答案:NOT GIVEN

关键词:severely malnourished

定位原文: 无

解题思路: 题目说在全国扫盲运动之后,仍旧不识字的母亲的婴儿严重营养不良。第6段说了全国扫盲运动之后,婴儿死亡率的问题,但是并没有说到营养不良的问题,所以是Not Given。

Question 25 & Question 26

答案:C E (in either order)

关键词:Nicaraguan

定位原文: 第6段第2句“For those…”;第8段第3句“The results…”

解题思路: 第6段定位句中说,而那些在这场运动中学会阅读的女性,其婴儿死亡率为84/1000,比仍然不识字的母亲的婴儿死亡率整整低了21点。----对应C选项;第8段定位句中说,女性教育,在任何年龄阶段,都是‘对健康非常重要的影响因素’。这项研究的结果支持了世界银行对于发展中国家增加教育预算的建议,这不仅能够帮助发展中国家发展经济,同时也能提高孩子的健康水平----对应E选项。

Test 4 Passage 3

Question 27

答案:
iv

关键词:段落匹配题,无题干关键词

定位原文: A段第2、3句“A survey…”

解题思路: 这段描述了作者调查中的欺凌现象,对应选项iv。

Question 28

答案:
vi

关键词:段落匹配题,无题干关键词

定位原文: B段第1句“Bullying is…”

解题思路: 段落一开头就说明了欺凌产生的影响是非常不愉快的,而且会使经历过的孩子产生自贬和沮丧情绪,后面接着描述了一些情况,极端的情况导致自杀等等。对应vi选项,欺凌行为对孩子的影响。

Question 29

答案:v

关键词:段落匹配题,无题干关键词

定位原文: C段第2句“Perhaps as…”

解题思路: 定位句说可能由此产生的一个现象就是学校经常会否认这一问题,后面反复提到school 如何如何,对应v选项,学校对于欺凌现象的反应。

Question 30

答案:
vii

关键词:段落匹配题,无题干关键词

定位原文: D段内容

解题思路: D段一开头就说了three factors,说了导致这一变化有三个原因。第一是对欺凌问题严重性的认识;第二,在英国有一些帮助处理欺凌的资源。……第三,有证据表明,这些材料发挥了作用,学校也因此在反欺凌方面取得一些成绩。……因此答案应为选项vii“学校对付欺凌新办法的发展”。

Question 31

答案:B

关键词:A recent survey

定位原文: A段第2、3句“A survey…”

解题思路: 我们发现在英国小学中,有四分之一的小学生有过受欺凌的经历,其中十个案例中有一例为不断受到欺凌。中学的欺凌现象要好一些……因此答案为B选项。

Question 32

答案:D

关键词:Children who are bullied

定位原文: B段第3句“Victimised…”

解题思路: 受到欺凌的小学生成年后更容易在人际沟通中遭遇困难。因此答案为D选项。

Question 33

答案:D

关键词:The declaration ‘There is no bullying at this school’

定位原文: C段前两句“Until…”

解题思路: 到目前为止,我们对这一问题的了解还远远不够, 而且也几乎没有给教师提供处理欺凌问题的帮助。可能由此产生的一个现象就是学校经常会否认这一问题。“这个学校没有欺凌”已经被重复了无数次,但是绝大多数情况下都不是事实。因此答案为D选项。

Question 34

答案:
A

关键词:Norway

定位原文: D段倒数第2句“In Norway…”

解题思路: 在挪威,经过一次全国范围的干预运动之后,对42 所学校的一项评估显示,在两年多的时间内欺凌行为减少了一半。因此答案为A选项。

Question 35

答案:
policy

关键词:makes the school"s attitude towards bullying quite clear

定位原文: E部分的第1段第1句

解题思路: 证据表明,控制欺凌行为最核心的步骤是制定遭遇欺凌行为的政策(policy)……因此答案为policy。

Question 36

答案:
(explicit) guidelines

关键词:how the school and its staff will react if bullying occurs

定位原文: E部分的第1段第1句

解题思路: ……明确欺凌行为意味着什么,并就其发生时应该采取哪些措施、保存哪些记录、通知何人、实施何种制裁方式等给出明确的指导(explicit guidelines);what will be done 和题目空后的how…will react 是同义表达。

Question 37

答案:
(school)curriculum

关键词:
action can be taken

定位原文: E部分第2段第2句“There are ways…”

解题思路: 通过在课程(curriculum)中使用影像、戏剧和文学等方法去处理这一问题。”因此答案为(school)curriculum。

Question 38

答案:
victims

关键词:potential, trained to be more self-confident

定位原文: E部分第3段第2句“Assertiveness…”

解题思路: 对于那些容易成为被欺凌对象(victims)的学生而言,进行自信训练是很有意义的”,因此答案为victims。

Question 39

答案:
playful fighting

关键词:
playground supervision

定位原文: E部分第4段第2句“One useful…”

解题思路: 一个有效的步骤就是培训午餐时段督导员以区分嬉戏式争斗(playful fighting)和欺凌行为,并帮助他们中止冲突。因此答案为playful fighting。

Question 40

答案:
D

关键词:most suitable title

定位原文: 全文

解题思路: 虽然是选择标题,但是难度并不大,A、B、C三个选项显然都非常片面,只有D选项——“欺凌:从危机管理到预防”是相对最全面的。


雅思阅读答案 第15篇

文章标题    Ambergris 龙涎香     文章大意    关于ambergris龙涎香和amber琥珀

第二段说 以前人们一直把ambergris和amber当作一种东西。但是有个叫Dick的作者 写了一本书 讲了这两个东西的区别(有题,matching)说ambergris 通常发现在海面或者shore,但是仍然不知道是从哪里来的。

Amber是一种什么东西,与松树pine有关,   然后说了amber的一些特性 hard,transparent, 等等,用来做装饰品, 头饰什么的,  同样 very costly。(有题,matching)
第三段说ambergris是与sperm whale的intestine肠子里的消化digest 某种东西有关。以为intestine会有题,结果没有,提到了马可波罗,好像与这个发现有关(没题,当笑话好了)
第四段就是具体describe ambergris的产生过程了。(summary 题)大意是,sperm whale吃一种东西 叫 beaks of squalid, 肠子就有助消化,但是不能完全消化,就转化成了另一种东西,应该是体内的垃圾。这种垃圾是soft的,会被sperm whale 呕吐出来 be vomited up。

然后这种东西遇到空气就会变硬 harden, 于是就形成了 ambergris了,也解释了为什么ambergris总在海面和shore被发现。
第五段 说人们为了获得ambergris而捕杀sperm whale 导致了濒临灭绝。给了一个数据 说in 20th century, 90% ambergris was made in the processing of killing sperm whale。(有题, TFNG)ambergris was still the most expensive product in the whole body of sperm whale,大意是这样的。

于是人们就开始采取措施保护sperm whale, 在工业生产中采用了很多ambergris的替代品,例如香水制造业中就用了某种东西,代替了ambergris。
第六段 说 sperm whale的数量会有recover的那么一天,没题。

   题目类型    Matching
Summary填空
T/F/NG    参考答案    Matching
A only ambergris 
B only amber 
C both 
D neither
·very expensive   C
·use in medicine   A
·use as currency  D  
·refers to in a Book written by Dick _x  C
·could be seen through    B Summary填空
ambergris的形成步骤龙涎香是抹香鲸的呼吸道分泌物
·sperm whale 吃下去 beaks of squalid,
·_x be vomited up, 
·hardens when exposure on air T/F/NG
·20th century most ambergris was made in the processing of killing of sperm whale。

T
·Ambergris’s cost increased recently。

NG
·ambergris still remains in the perfume making。

F
·关于保护鲸鱼的 F    

雅思阅读答案 第16篇

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1

A The Lumiere Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 paying customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, Before the eyes of the stunned, thrilled audience, photographs came to life and moved across a flat

B So ordinary and routine has this become to us that it takes a determined leap of the imagination to grasp the impact of those first moving But it is worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand the extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has made film the most dynamic, effective art form of the 20th

C One of the Lumiere Brothers’ earliest films was a 30-second piece which showed a section of a railway platform flooded with A train appears and heads straight for the And that is all that Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists, described the film as a ‘work of genius’. ‘As the train approached,’ wrote Tarkovsky, ‘panic started in the theatre: people jumped and ran That was the moment when cinema was The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching a mere Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be In their confusion, they feared that a real train was about to crush ’

D Early cinema audiences often experienced the same In time, the idea of film became familiar, the magic was accepted — but it never stopped being Film has never lost its unique power to embrace its audiences and transport them to a different For Tarkovsky, the key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow of A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was

E One effect of this realism was to educate the world about For cinema makes the world Long before people travelled to America or anywhere else, they knew what other places looked like; they knew how other people worked and Overwhelmingly, the lives recorded — at least in film fiction — have been From the earliest days of the industry, Hollywood has dominated the world film American imagery — the cars, the cities, the cowboys — became the primary imagery of Film carried American life and values around the

F And, thanks to film, future generations will know the 20th century more intimately than any other We can only imagine what life was like in the 14th century or in classical But the life of the modern world has been recorded on film in massive, encyclopedic We shall be known better than any preceding

G The ‘star’ was another natural consequence of The cinema star was effectively born in Film personalities have such an immediate presence that, inevitably, they become Because we watch them so closely and because everybody in the world seems to know who they are, they appear more real to us than we do The star as magnified human self is one of cinema’s most strange and enduring

H Cinema has also given a new lease of life to the idea of the When the Lumiere Brothers and other pioneers began showing off this new invention, it was by no means obvious how it would be All that mattered at first was the wonder of Indeed, some said that, once this novelty had worn off, cinema would fade It was no more than a passing gimmick, a fairground

I Cinema might, for example, have become primarily a documentary Or it might have developed like television — as a strange, noisy transfer of music, information and But what happened was that it became, overwhelmingly, a medium for telling Originally these were conceived as short stories — early producers doubted the ability of audiences to concentrate for more than the length of a Then, in 1912, an Italian 2-hour film was hugely successful, and Hollywood settled upon the novel-length narrative that remains the dominant cinematic convention of

J And it has all happened so Almost unbelievably, it is a mere 100 years since that train arrived and the audience screamed and fled, convinced by the dangerous reality of what they saw, and, perhaps, suddenly aware that the world could never be the same again — that, maybe, it could be better, brighter, more astonishing, more real than

Questions 1-5

Reading Passage 1 has ten paragraphs,

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 1-5 on your answer

1 the location of the first cinema

2 how cinema came to focus on stories

3 the speed with which cinema has changed

4 how cinema teaches us about other cultures

5 the attraction of actors in films

Questions 6-9

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

6 It is important to understand how the first audiences reacted to the

7 The Lumiere Brothers’ film about the train was one of the greatest films ever

8 Cinema presents a biased view of other

9 Storylines were important in very early

Questions 10-13

Choose the correct letter, A B, C to

Write the correct letter in boxes 10-13 on your answer

10 The writer refers to the film of the train in order to demonstrate

A the simplicity of early

B the impact of early

C how short early films

D how imaginative early films

11 In Tarkovsky’s opinion, the attraction of the cinema is that it

A aims to impress its

B tells stories better than

C illustrates the passing of

D describes familiar

12 When cinema first began, people thought that

A it would always tell

B it should be used in

C its audiences were

D its future was

13 What is the best title for this passage?

A The rise of the cinema star

B Cinema and novels compared

C The domination of Hollywood

D The power of the big screen

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following

Questions 14-18

Reading Passage 2 contains six Key

Choose the correct heading for Key Points TWO to SIX from the list of headings

Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 14-18 on your answer

List of Headings

i Ensure the reward system is fair

ii Match rewards to individuals

iii Ensure targets are realistic

iv Link rewards to achievement

v Encourage managers to take more responsibility

vi Recognise changes in employees’ performance over time

vii Establish targets and give feedback

viii Ensure employees are suited to their jobs

Example Answer

Key Point One Viii

14 Key Point Two

15 Key Point Three

16 Key Point Four

17 Key Point Five

18 Key Point Six

Motivating Employees under

Adverse Conditions

THE CHALLENGE

It is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organisation than a declining When organisations are expanding and adding personnel, promotional opportunities, pay rises, and the excitement of being associated with a dynamic organisation create feelings of Management is able to use the growth to entice and encourage When an organisation is shrinking, the best and most mobile workers are prone to leave Unfortunately, they are the ones the organisation can least afford to lose — those with the highest skills and The minor employees remain because their job options are

Morale also suffers during People fear they may be the next to be made Productivity often suffers, as employees spend their time sharing rumours and providing one another with moral support rather than focusing on their For those whose jobs are secure, pay increases are rarely Pay cuts, unheard of during times of growth, may even be The challenge to management is how to motivate employees under such retrenchment The ways of meeting this challenge can be broadly divided into six Key Points, which are outlined

KEY POINT ONE

There is an abundance of evidence to support the motivational benefits that result from carefully matching people to For example, if the job is running a small business or an autonomous unit within a larger business, high achievers should be However, if the job to be filled is a managerial post in a large bureaucratic organisation, a candidate who has a high need for power and a low need for affiliation should be Accordingly, high achievers should not be put into jobs that are inconsistent with their High achievers will do best when the job provides moderately challenging goals and where there is independence and However, it should be remembered that not everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in independence, variety and

KEY POINT TWO

The literature on goal-setting theory suggests that managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those For those with high achievement needs, typically a minority in any organisation, the existence of external goals is less important because high achievers are already internally The next factor to be determined is whether the goals should be assigned by a manager or collectively set in conjunction with the The answer to that depends on perceptions of goal acceptance and the organisation’s If resistance to goals is expected, the use of participation in goal-setting should increase If participation is inconsistent with the culture, however, goals should be If participation and the culture are incongruous, employees are likely to perceive the participation process as manipulative and be negatively affected by

KEY POINT THREE

Regardless of whether goals are achievable or well within management’s perceptions of the employee’s ability, if employees see them as unachievable they will reduce their Managers must be sure, therefore, that employees feel confident that their efforts can lead to performance For managers, this means that employees must have the capability of doing the job and must regard the appraisal process as

KEY POINT FOUR

Since employees have different needs, what acts as a reinforcement for one may not for Managers could use their knowledge of each employee to personalise the rewards over which they have Some of the more obvious rewards that managers allocate include pay, promotions, autonomy, job scope and depth, and the opportunity to participate in goal-setting and

KEY POINT FIVE

Managers need to make rewards contingent on To reward factors other than performance will only reinforce those other Key rewards such as pay increases and promotions or advancements should be allocated for the attainment of the employee’s specific Consistent with maximising the impact of rewards, managers should look for ways to increase their Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone’s remuneration, publicising performance bonuses and allocating annual salary increases in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples of actions that will make rewards more visible and potentially more

KEY POINT SIX

The way rewards are distributed should be transparent so that employees perceive that rewards or outcomes are equitable and equal to the inputs On a simplistic level, experience, abilities, effort and other obvious inputs should explain differences in pay, responsibility and other obvious The problem, however, is complicated by the existence of dozens of inputs and outcomes and by the fact that employee groups place different degrees of importance on For instance, a study comparing clerical and production workers identified nearly twenty inputs and The clerical workers considered factors such as quality of work performed and job knowledge near the top of their list, but these were at the bottom of the production workers’ Similarly, production workers thought that the most important inputs were intelligence and personal involvement with task accomplishment, two factors that were quite low in the importance ratings of the There were also important, though less dramatic, differences on the outcome For example, production workers rated advancement very highly, whereas clerical workers rated advancement in the lower third of their Such findings suggest that one person’s equity is another’s inequity, so an ideal should probably weigh different inputs and outcomes according to employee

Questions 19-24

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 27?

In boxes 19-24 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

19 A shrinking organization tends to lose its less skilled employees rather than its more skilled

20 It is easier to manage a small business than a large

21 High achievers are well suited to team

22 Some employees can feel manipulated when asked to participate in

23 The staff appraisal process should be designed by

24 Employees’ earnings should be disclosed to everyone within the

Questions 25-27

Look at the following groups of workers (Questions 25-27) and the list of descriptions

Match each group with the correct description,

Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 25-27 on your answer

25 high achievers

26 clerical workers

27 production workers

List of Descriptions

A They judge promotion to be

B They have less need of external

C They think that the quality of their work is

D They resist goals which are

E They have limited job

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3

The Search for the Anti-aging Pill

In government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to prolong life and youthful Studies of caloric restriction are showing the way

As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging — the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie_et nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans,

Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to 1, Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less? Could such a ‘caloric-restriction mimetic’, as we call it, enable people to stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life? Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemical agent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction’s No compound that would safely achieve the same feat in people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed

The benefits of caloric restriction

The hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric restriction’s many effects on the Scientists first recognized the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old What is more, some of the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan, Various interventions, such as infection-fighting drugs, can increase a population’s average survival time, but only approaches that slow the body’s rate of aging will increase the maximum

The rat findings have been replicated many times and extended to creatures ranging from yeast to fruit flies, worms, fish, spiders, mice and Until fairly recently, the studies were limited to short-lived creatures genetically distant from But caloric-restriction projects underway in two species more closely related to humans — rhesus and squirrel monkeys — have made scientists optimistic that CR mimetics could help

calorie: a measure of the energy value of food

The monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with

The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease), and they have more normal blood glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose levels). Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum life spans in Unlike the multitude of elixirs being touted as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter fundamental processes that underlie We aim to develop compounds that fool cells into activating maintenance and

How a prototype caloric-restriction mimetic works

The best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right

Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus reduces ATP Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery’s emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and thereby constrain the Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn’t) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such ‘luxuries’ as growth and

Questions 28-32

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

28 Studies show drugs available today can delay the process of growing

29 There is scientific evidence that eating fewer calories may extend human

30 Not many people are likely to find a caloric-restricted diet

31 Diet-related diseases are common in older

32 In experiments, rats who ate what they wanted led shorter liver than rats on a low-calorie

Questions 33-37

Classify the following descriptions as relating to

A caloric-restricted monkeys

B control monkeys

C neither caloric-restricted monkeys nor control monkeys

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 33-37 on your answer

33 Monkeys were less likely to become

34 Monkeys experienced more chronic

35 Monkeys have been shown to experience a longer than average life

36 Monkeys enjoyed a reduced chance of heart

37 Monkeys produced greater quantities of

Questions 38-40

Complete the flow-chart

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer

How a caloric-restriction mimetic works

CR mimetic

Less processed

Production of ATP is decreased

Theory 1: Theory 2:

Cells less damaged by disease because Cells focus on

fewer emitted food is in short supply

雅思阅读答案 第17篇

雅思与其它标准考试(如GRE)不同,它仅考查语言。这对于考试者意味着什么呢?这表明,雅思考试并不考查你的推理能力。

这一规律怎样应用呢?虽然有时你会被问到出题者不会给你提供信息然后让你基于这些信息得出结论。相反,他们给你提供信息并问你这些信息。基本上,他们都是让你重复刚刚给你的信息。答案就在你眼前一篇文章的主题或为这篇文章选一个合适的标题,但绝大多数的问题都会关注文章中给出的细节信息。你要做的仅是把他提供的信息再重复给他。你不会被要求基于这些信息得出结论。以下面的摘录为例:

“Research in Britain has shown that “green consumers” continue to flourish as a significant group amongst This suggests that politicians who claim environmentalism is yesterday’s issue may be seriously misjudging the public ” Based upon this passage, you will never be asked a question like:“There has been a continued presence of “green consumers” in the British market because of …”

the rise of the Green

Concern with global warming

Fear of Mad Cow Disease

Concern with general state of environment

这些答案都没有的文章中出现。所以,雅思考试绝不会问这类问题。相反,他们会问这样的问题:

“Politicians may have “misjudged the public mood” because…”

they are pre-occupied with the recession and financial

There is more widespread interest in the environmental agenda than they

Consumer spending has increased significantly as a result of “green”

Shoppers are displeased with government policies on a range of

正如文中所说,政治家们认为消费者不再关心环境问题是他们错误判断了民意。答案显易见。这就是雅思考试的出题方法。正确答案是“B”。

对于此规律也会出现一些例外,我们也发现了一些。但至少现在我们弄清了自己的任务。我们的任务并非掌握或记忆面前的信息,而是了解出题者让我们寻找的信息是什么。因为我们知道可以找得到所有的答案,下面我们要掌握的就是怎样寻找了。如果我们的阅读的同时就知道要找什么,我们甚至可能在知道问题是什么之前就找到答案。

雅思阅读答案 第18篇

Question 1

答案:FALSE

关键词:media

定位原文:第1段第3句“In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage…”;“Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests…”

解题思路:这两段当中的frequent/vivid/extensive/coverage等词都说明媒体对于热带雨林的现状十分关注,并做了广泛报道。

Question 2

答案:FALSE

关键词:children/classroom

定位原文:第2段第3句“These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media。”这些观点可能是学生从大众媒体中获得的。

解题思路:这句话证明学生也从大众媒体中吸取有关热带雨林的观点,而并不是只从课堂中得到相关知识。

Question 3

答案:TRUE

关键词:pure/ mistaken

定位原文:第2段第1句“Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum ”

解题思路:这句话是题干的同义替换,学生关键需要掌握“harbour”在这里的意思等于“hold”。

Question 4

答案:TRUE

关键词:framework/easier

定位原文:第2段第2句“These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted,but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to ”

解题思路:解这题的关键是要明白题干中的“easier to change”和文中的“accessible to modification”是同义替换。

Question 5

答案:FALSE

关键词:yes/no

定位原文:第4段第2句“Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form ”

解题思路:Open-form指简答题,与yes/no直接矛盾。

Question 6

答案:NOT GIVEN

关键词:more likely than

定位原文:第5段第4句“More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of rainforest as animal ”

第6段第1句“Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human ”

解题思路:
虽然这两句话分别将男生女生作了比较,但是比较内容并不是关于热带雨林破坏的错误观点,所以此题属于并不存在的比较关系。

Question 7

答案:
TRUE

关键词:follow on from

定位原文:第6段第2句“These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests…”

解题思路:“previous”一词是先前的意思,证明在此研究之前,人们也就学生对热带雨林的看法做了研究,因此本文所提到的调査是在这些研究之后进行的。

Question 8

答案:NOT GIVEN

关键词:primary/second

解题思路:文中直到最末尾也从未提到这项研究是否会继续,所以此题属于无中生有。

Question 9

答案:M

关键词:where/ rainforests

定位原文:第4段第6句“The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%).”

解题思路:根据对应句信息可选出答案为M。

Question 10

答案:E

关键词:importance/rainforests

定位原文:第9段第1句…the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to

解题思路:根据对应句信息可选出答案为E。

Question 11

答案:G

关键词:reason/loss

定位原文:第7段第2句“ than half of the pupils(59%)identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests,”

解题思路:根据对应句信息可选出答案为G。

Question 12

答案:P

关键词:important/protected

定位原文:第5段第2句“The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with ”

解题思路:根据对应句信息可选出答案为P。

Question 13

答案:J

关键词:uncommon/issue

定位原文:第9段第2句至第3句“Only a few of the pupils(6%)mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this ”

解题思路:根据对应句信息可选出答案为J。

Question 14

答案:B

关键词:title

定位原文:无

解题思路:从文章第二段开始,一直在围绕孩子对热带雨林容易产生错误的理解,因此本文重点应该放在孩子对热带雨林遭破坏状况的观点上,故要选择一个带有孩子的标题。

Question 15

答案:taste buds

关键词:taste

定位原文:第1段第5句“Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are ”

解题思路:根据定位句信息,可知答案是taste buds。

Question 16

答案:baleen whales

关键词:stereoscopic vision

定位原文:第3段第3句“However,the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic ”

解题思路:根据定位句信息,可知答案是baleen whales。

Question 17

答案:forward downward (IN EITHER ORDER)

关键词:Dolphins, porpoises

定位原文:第4段第1句“On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and ”

解题思路:根据定位句信息,可知答案是forward和downward。

Question 18

答案:(the) freshwater dolphin(s)

关键词:forward and upward

定位原文:第4段第2句“Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and ”

解题思路:根据关键词定位,可知答案为freshwater dolphin(s)。

Question 19

答案:(the) water

关键词:bottlenose dolphin

定位原文:第4段第3句“By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air-water inter?face as ”

解题思路:题干中的exceptional和文中的extremely是同义替换,所以根据定位句答案应该为water。

Question 20

答案:(the) lower frequencies

关键词:most large baleen

定位原文:第6段第3句“Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their ”

解题思路:根据定位句信息,可知答案是(the) lower frequencies。

Question 21

答案:bowhead humpback (IN EITHER ORDER)

关键词:song-like

定位原文:第6段第4句“Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback ”

解题思路:根据song-like定位到该句话,可知答案为bowhead和humpback。

Question 22

答案:touch/sense of touch

关键词:mating

定位原文:第2段第3句“This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most ”

解题思路:这里的mating和文中的courtship ritual是同义替换,所以答案应为touch或者sense of touch。

Question 23

答案:freshwater dolphin(s)

关键词:upside down/eating

定位原文:第4段第2句“Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while ”

解题思路:根据定位句信息,可知答案是freshwater dolphin(s)。

Question 24

答案:airborne flying fish

关键词:follow/under the water

定位原文:第4段第3句“By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air-water interface as ”

解题思路:题目中的“follow”和文中的“tracks”是同义替换,根据定位句信息,可知答案是airborne flying fish。

Question 25

答案:clear water(s)/clear open water(s)

关键词:habitat/good visual ability

定位原文:第5段第句“For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded ”

解题思路:根据定位句信息,可知答案是clear open water(s)。

Question 26

答案:(the) acoustic sense

关键词:best/cetaceans

定位原文:第6段第1句“Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic ”

解题思路:根据定位句信息,可知答案是acoustic sense。

Question 27

答案:C

关键词:first paragraph

定位原文:第1段第1句“From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in ”

解题思路:根据定位句可知,说的是盲人能够理解outlines和perspectives的使用。故正确答案为C。

Question 28

答案:C

关键词:surprised/blind woman

定位原文:第1段第3-5句“This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle (). I was taken Lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of ”

解题思路:这段话说到让作者惊讶的是一个盲人女性决定靠自己的能力绘出正在旋转的轮椅。故正确答案为C选项。

Question 29

答案:A

关键词:Part1/ blind subjects

定位原文:第5段第4句“Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out meanings for each line of motion,but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted ”

解题思路:从“not only…but…came up with the same meaning as least as frequently as did sighted subjects” 可以得出A选项正确。这里并没有说比sighted subjects会好,所以D选项是不对的。

Question 30

答案:E

关键词:无

定位原文:Part1第4段最后一句“Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel"s perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes ”

解题思路:这段话恰好说明辐条超出了车轮的周界是使用了刹车,所以正确答案为E。

Question 31

答案:C

关键词:无

定位原文:Part1第4段最后一句“ that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning ”

解题思路:这句话的意思是虚线辐条表示车轮在快速转动,故正确答案为C。

Question 32

答案:A

关键词:无

定位原文:Part1第4段第2句“Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily…”

解题思路:这句话的意思是曲线辐条表示车轮在稳定的转动,故正确答案为A。

Question 33

答案:pairs

关键词:Part2/a set of word

定位原文:Part2第2段第1句“We gave a list of twenty pairs of word of words to sighted ”

解题思路:此空要求填一个名词,而词库中只有associations, pairs, shapes, words四个词是名词,从意思上判断,words和shapes显然不太合适,最后只能填pairs。

Question 34

答案:shapes

关键词:abstract

定位原文:Part2第3段最后一句“Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people ”

解题思路:Abstract是形容词,空里要求填个名词。从对应句可以看出改名词为shapes。

Question 35

答案:sighted

关键词:circle/soft/hard/square

定位原文:Part2第3段第1句“All our subjects deemed the hard/square circle soft and the square ”

解题思路:虽然在这句话中没有出现sighted这个词,但是根据上一整段的内容推测,此处的subjects指得是sighted

Question 36

答案:sighted

关键词:51%

定位原文:Part2第3段第4句。And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to (See )

解题思路:这题依然没有出现sighted这个词,但是同上题,根据上文可以推测出这里的volunteers指的是sighted subjects。

Question 37

答案:deep

关键词:51%

定位原文:Part2第3段第4句。And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to (See )

解题思路:根据定位句可知,这里填的词应该是deep。

Question 38

答案:blind

关键词:repeated/volunteers

定位原文:Part2第3段第5句“When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted ”

解题思路:这句话是说被测试者是blind volunteers,故正确答案为blind。

Question 39

答案:smilar

关键词:choices

定位原文:Part2第3段第7句“He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning "far" to square and "near" to ”

解题思路:“Consensus”是共识的意思,从这句话我们可以知道盲人们对如何搭配基本可以达成一致意见。

Question 40

答案:B

关键词:conlusion

定位原文:Part2第3段最后一句“Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people ”

解题思路:这句话刚好是B选项的同义替换,意思是我们能够推断出盲人诠释abstract shapes与视力正常的人是一样的。


雅思阅读答案 第19篇

Passage 1

Question 1

答案:
vii

关键词:
background, middle-years education

定位原文: B段第1句“Lower secondary schools…”

解题思路: 作为LIST OF HEADINGS的第一个题目,此题还是稍有难度的,因为需要通读Section B的全部内容才能看出这是在讲日本中学的教育背景。如果单纯用首句中的lower secondary schools来对应题目中的middle-years education 也能够得到答案,但是需要一定程度的大胆推测。正确答案为vii。

Question 2

答案:
i

关键词:
Monbusho

定位原文:
C段第2句“Monbusho, as part ”最后一句“Monbusho also decides ”

解题思路:可以推测出这一段在讲Monbusho的影响。故正确答案为i。

Question 3

答案:
v

关键词:
typical format

定位原文:
D段第1句“Lessons all follow…”

解题思路:
读首句就能够判断本题答案,题干中的format 与文中的pattern属于同义转述。故正确答案为v。

Question 4

答案:
ii

关键词:
less successful students

对应原文:E段第1小段第2句“ stragglers…”第2小段的第1句“Parents are kept…”

解题思路:本题稍有难度,对应信息分布较广。

Section E 中第一段的对应句说的是后进生在学校里得到的帮助;第二段的对应句则在讨论家长如何帮助孩子跟上班级的进度。定位词与文中的 stragglers属于同义转述。故正确答案为ii。

Question 5

答案:
viii

关键词:
key, successes

定位原文:F段第1小段的第1句“So what are the major…”

解题思路:
开头设问道:“那么什么是日本数学教学成功的主要因素呢?”下面紧接着回答:
显然态度是重要的,然后具体解说态度如何重要。其中的contributing factors与key相对应。故正确答案是viii。

Question 6

答案: YES

关键词: English pupils, Japanese counterparts

定位原文: A段第2句“ have established that not only did Japanese…”

解题思路:
本题解题关键是搞清楚where后面引导的定语从句。在将英日两国13岁学生的成绩进行比较时,作者先说日本学生平均成绩较高,接着说英国低分学生比较多,而且英国学生分数跨度比较大。如果不仔细看,此题目很可能选成NOT GIVEN。

Question 7

答案:
NO

关键词:
Gross National Product

定位原文:
A段最后1句话“The percentage of Gross…”

解题思路:
这个问句表明日本投入同样的GNP却能够产生更好的数学成绩,显然,教育水平高低不能单纯以GNP投入论之。此题也具有一定的迷惑性。

Question 8

答案: NOT GIVEN

关键词: private schools , state-run lower secondary schools

定位原文: B段

解题思路: 本题属于典型的比较关系不存在的NOT GIVEN题目。多个信息词在B部分都出现过,但就是没有提到题目中所说的关系。

Question 9

答案: NO

关键词: mark homework

定位原文: D段第3句“Pupils mark their…”

解题思路:
学生自己批改作业:这在日本的学校教育中是一条重要原则。本题定位信息比较明确,可轻松判断出答案。

Question 10

答案: B

关键词:
maths textbooks, Japanese schools

定位原文:
C段第3句“These textbooks…”

解题思路: 题目问日本学校的数学教科书如何。文章中说 the textbook set out and logically developed,B 选项意思是“合理安排并且适应学生的需求”,符合文意。

Question 11

答案: C

关键词: new maths topic

定位原文: D段第2段的第1句“After the homework has…”

解题思路: 题目问怎么样介绍一个新课题,文章中说 teacher explains the topic of the lesson, slowly and with a lot of repetition and elaboration,C 选项意思是“十分仔细和耐心地去给学生解释”,与原文意思相符。

Question 12

答案:
A

关键词:
experience difficulties

定位原文:
E段第1段第2句“Teachers say…”

解题思路:
题目问学校如何帮助遇到困难的学生,对此文章中说 Teachers say that they give individual help at the end of a lesson or after school, setting extra work if necessary。A 选项意思是“学生被给予合适的额外的补课”,所以为正确答案。

Question 13

答案:
C

关键词:
relatively high rates of success

定位原文:
F段第1段的最后1句“Education is…”

解题思路:
C 选项意思是“做出更多努力并对正确答案加以强调”,符合文意。

Test 4 Passage 2

Question 14

答案: B

关键词: pesticides

定位原文: 第1段第2句“Apart from…”

解题思路: 题目问使用杀虫剂导致了什么。文章中说 Apart from engendering widespread ecological B 选项意思是“使得全世界许多生态系统出现不平衡”,符合文意。

Question 15

答案: A

关键词: Food, Agriculture Organization, more than 300

定位原文: 第2段第1句“According to a recent…”

解题思路: A 选项意思是“这些害虫已经对很多杀虫剂不再有反应了”,和文中的 resistance 对应。

Question 16

答案:
D

关键词:
cotton farmers, Central America

定位原文:
第4段第1、2句“The havoc that…”

解题思路: D 选项意思是“(棉农)为了保证更多的产量”,与原文意思相符。

Question 17

答案:
D

关键词:
mid-1960s, cotton farmers, Central America

定位原文:
第5段第1句“By the mid-1960s…”

解题思路:文章说 By the mid-1960s, the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests, necessitating pesticide spraying to such an extent that 50% of the financial outlay on cotton production was accounted for by pesticides,D 选项意思是“占据了用于农业的50%的经费”,为正确答案。

Question 18

答案: NOT GIVEN

关键词:
disease-spreading pest, agricultural pests

定位原文:
第2段最后1句“Not to be left behind…”

解题思路: 题目说传播疾病的害虫比农业害虫对杀虫剂的反应更快,但是文章中并没有对这两种害虫做比较。

Question 19

答案: YES

关键词:
innate immunity

定位原文:
第2段最后1句“Not to be left behind…”

解题思路:题目说很多害虫天生就对杀虫剂有免疫能力,文章中说大约有100种传播疾病的害虫对各种正在使用的杀虫剂免疫,题目描述的与文章内容一致。

Question 20

答案:
NO

关键词:
biological control, synthetic chemicals, offspring

定位原文:第7段第1句“…a more effective and ecologically sound strategy of biological control,involving…”

解题思路:一种更加行之有效而健全的生态策略,即生物防虫法,就越来越受欢迎。这种策略主要是有选择性地使用害虫的天敌。通过翻译该句,考生会发现生物防虫法恰恰不涉及使用人造农药,因此题目与原文叙述相反。

Question 21

答案:
YES

关键词:
bio-control, certain circumstances

定位原文:第7段最后1句“When handled by…”

解题思路:文章说如果生态控制由专家来实施,那么它是是安全的,无污染的。题目的描述与文章一致。

Question 22

答案:
D

关键词:
disapene scale insects

定位原文:第9段最后1句“CIBC is also…”

解题思路: 破折号后面的同位语成分是对 ‘disapene scale’ insects的解释说明。defoliant指脱叶剂,考生即使不知道它的意思,也能够猜出来这种虫子危害果树。故答案为D。

Question 23

答案:
H

关键词:
Neodumetia sangawani

定位原文:
最后1段第3句“A natural predator…”

解题思路:
这道题目的解题关键是搞清楚定语从句 that was devouring forage grass 的先行词是 grass-scale insect,而不是 Neodumetia sangawani, 否则答案很容易就误选A。故答案为H。

Question 24

答案:
C

关键词:
leaf-mining hispides

定位原文:最后1段第2句“ coconut groves were plagued by leaf-mining ”

解题思路:
blighted这个词很多考生不认识,不过通过上下文应该能够轻易猜出是贬义词,指的是leaf-mining hispides祸害了什么。故答案为C。

Question 25

答案: E

关键词: Argentinian weevil

定位原文: 第9段第2句“ out an Argentinian weevil for the eradication of water ”

解题思路:
wipe out的意思是“消灭”,相当于文中的 eradication, 故答案为E。

Question 26

答案:
B

关键词:
Salvinia molesta

定位原文:
最后1段最后两句话“By using Neochetina bruci, a beetle…”

解题思路:这道题目的难点在于专有名词太多,还间或有插入语或过去分词,使考生容易忽视真正的动词,比如freed和infested。代词指代成分this weed也容易被误解。如果能够将这个句子读上两遍,正确答案B也就不难找到了。

Test 4 Passage 3

Question 27

答案:
TRUE

关键词:
taxonomic research

定位原文:第1段第3句“For taxonomy,…”

解题思路:
题目中说生物分类学研究涉及比较一组蚂蚁的成员,文章说从一个单独的巢穴去研究,两者一致。文章中的 taxonomy 对应题目中的 taxonomic research,a single nest 对应one group of ants。

Question 28:

答案:
NOT GIVEN

关键词:
new species, taxonomists

定位原文:第1段最后1句 “The taxonomist…”

解题思路:
题目说蚂蚁的新物种经常被生物分类学所辨别,而文章并没有给出new species 相关的信息。

Question 29:

答案:
TRUE

关键词:
range, criterion

定位原文:第1段第4句“For ecological studies…”

解题思路:
题目说范围对于生态收集是一个关键的标准,文章中说对于生态学研究而言,最重要的因素是尽可能多的去收集不同的可认知的物种,题目与原文表述一致。其中文章中的 as many of different species as possible 对应题目中的 range, the most important factor 对应 the key criterion。

Question 30:

答案:
FALSE

关键词:
single collection

定位原文:第1段倒数第2句“ methods are not…”

解题思路:显然,分类学采集法和生态学采集法不总是兼容的,也就是说一次蚂蚁采集不可以为两种方法共用。

Question 31:

答案:
A

关键词:
preferable, take specimens from group of ants

定位原文:第2段第5句“When possible,…”

解题思路:有可能的话,采集应当从蚁巢或觅食蚂蚁群开始搜集,而且至少采集20至 25只蚂蚁。根据题干定位词可以定位至第2段,而第2段讲的都是手工采集法,很显然答案是A。

Question 32:

答案:
C

关键词:
effective, wet habitats

定位原文:
第4段倒数第3句“This method…”

解题思路:
这个方法特别适用于雨林和沼泽地区。第4段讲的是落叶层抽样法,定位词wet habitats与文中的rain forests and marshy areas属于同义转述,故正确答案为C。

Question 33:

答案:
B

关键词:
hard to find

定位原文:第3段第2句“This often increases…”

解题思路:这种方法通常能够增加采集的个体量,还能吸引那些难以捕捉的物种。这道题的解题关键是理解定语从句中的elusive, 它就相当于定位词hard to find,这个词剑桥系列中屡次考到,考生一定要注意。句中的this指的就是诱饵采集法,故答案为B。

Question 34:

答案:
D

关键词:
little time and effort

定位原文:第5段倒数第2句“One advantage of …”

解题思路:陷阱采集法的一个优势在于,仅仅需要极少的维护和干预,它们就能够持续使用一段时间。此题的解题关键是理解minimal maintenance and intervention,它就相当于题目中的little time and effort。故答案为D。

Question 35:

答案:
A

关键词:
separate containers, individual specimens

定位原文:第2段倒数第2句“Individual insects…”

解题思路:定位句中的 plastic or glass tubes 相当于题目中的 separate containers, individual insects相当于individual specimens。该句位于第2段,从而可以判断出该句讲的是hand collecting。故正确答案为A。

Question 36:

答案:
D

关键词:
non-alcoholic preservative

定位原文:第5段倒数第3句“The preservative used…”

解题思路:由于酒精易挥发,瓶子很快就会干了,所以我们使用的防腐剂通常是乙二醇或丙二醇。通过理解原因状语从句,推测出陷阱釆集法中使用的防腐剂应该是无酒精的,对应于题目中的non-alcoholic preservative, 所以答案为D。

Question 37-Question 40

答案:
heat leaf litter screen alcohol

关键词:funnel

定位原文:第4段内容

解题思路:
This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under some 37、38和39三个空位于文中同一句话中,关键要搞清楚最上面是什么, 中间是什么,下面又是什么。placing leaf litter on a screen 表明 leaf litter在 screen上面;而后面的 over a large funnel又代表screen是被放置于funnel之上的。因此可以确定图中38 和39两个空的答案分别是leaf litter和screen。接着看到under some heat, 也就是说上述的三样东西都是在这个heat下的,所以最上面的37空应该填heat一词。As the leaf litter dries from above, …below the 这句话中,placed below the funnel是修饰alcohol的,也就是说,funnel下的液体应该是酒精,故正确答案为alcohol。


雅思阅读答案 第20篇

The Pearl

A

Throughout history, pearls have held a unique presence within the wealthy

and For instance, the pearl was the favored gem of the wealthy

during the Roman This gift from the sea had been brought back from

the orient by the Roman Roman women wore pearls to bed so

they could be reminded of their wealth immediately upon waking Before

jewelers learned to cut gems, the pearl was of greater value than the

In the Orient and Persia Empire, pearls were ground into powders to cure

anything from heart disease to epilepsy, with possible aphrodisiac uses as

Pearls were once considered an exclusive privilege for A law in 1612

drawn up by the Duke of Saxony prohibited the wearing of pearls by nobility,

professors, doctors or their wives in an effort to further distinguish royal

American Indians also used freshwater pearls from the Mississippi

River as decorations and

B

There are essentially three types of pearls: natural, cultured and A

natural pearl (often called an Oriental pearl) forms when an irritant, such as

a piece of sand, works its way into a particular species of oyster, mussel, or

As a defense mechanism, the mollusk secretes a fluid to coat the

Layer upon layer of this coating is deposited on the irritant until a lustrous

pearl is

C

The only difference natural pearls and cultured pearls is that the irritant is

a surgically implanted bead or piece of shell called Mother of Often,

these shells are ground oyster shells that are worth

significant amounts of money in their own right as

irritant-catalysts for quality The resulting

core is, much larger than in a natural Yet,

as long as there are enough layers of nacre (the

secreted fluid covering the irritant) to result in a

beautiful, gem-quality pearl, the size of the nucleus

is of no consequence to beauty or

D

Pearls can come from either salt or freshwater Typically, saltwater

pearls tend to be higher quality, although there are several types of freshwater

pearls that are considered high in quality as Freshwater pearls tend to

be very irregular in shape, with a puffed rice appearance the most

Nevertheless, it is each individual pearls merits that determines value more

than the source of the Saltwater pearl oysters are usually cultivated in

protected lagoons or volcanic However, most freshwater cultured pearls

sold today come from Cultured pearls are the response of the shell to a

tissue A tiny piece of mantle tissue from a donor shell is transplanted

into a recipient This graft will form a pearl sac and the tissue will

precipitate calcium carbonate into this There are a number of options

for producing cultured pearls: use freshwater or seawater shells, transplant

the graft into the mantle or into the gonad, add a spherical bead or do it

The majority of saltwater cultured pearls are grown with

E

Regardless of the method used to acquire a pearl, the process usually takes

several Mussels must reach a mature age, which can take up t0 3 years,

and then be implanted or naturally receive an Once the irritant is

in place, it can take up to another 3 years for the pearl to reach its full

Often, the irritant may be rejected, the pearl will be terrifically misshapen, or

the oyster may simply die from disease or

countless other By the end

of a 5 t0 10 year cycle, only 50% of the

oysters will have And of the pearls

produced, only approximately 5% are of

substantial quality for top jewelry

From the outset, a pearl fanner can figure

on spending over $100 for every oyster

that is farmed, of which many will produce

nothing or

F

Imitation pearls are a different story

In most cases, a glass bead is

dipped into a solution made from fish

This coating is thin and may

eventually wear One can usually

tell an imitation by biting on Fake

pearls glide across your teeth, while the

layers of nacre on real pearls feel

The Island of Mallorca (in Spain) is known for its imitation pearl

Quality natural pearls are very rare The actual value of a natural pearl

is determined in the same way as it would be for other “precious”

The valuation factors include size, shape, color, quality of surface, orient

and In general, cultured pearls are less valuable than natural pearls,

whereas imitation pearls almost have no One way that jewelers can

determine whether a pearl is cultured or natural is to have a gem lab perform

an x-ray of the If the x-ray reveals a nucleus, the pearl is likely a beadnucleated

saltwater If no nucleus is present, but irregular and small dark

inner spots indicating a cavity are visible, combined with concentric rings of

organic substance, the pearl is likely a cultured Cultured freshwater

pearls can often be confused for natural pearls which present as homogeneous

pictures which continuously darken toward the surface of the Natural

pearls will often show larger cavities where organic matter has dried out and

Although imitation pearls look the part, they do not have the

same weight or smoothness as real pearls, and their luster will also dim

Among cultured pearls, Akoya pearls from Japan are some of the most

A good quality necklace of 40 Akoya pearls measuring 7mm in diameter sells

for about $1,500, while a super- high quality strand sells for about $4, Size

on the other hand, has to do with the age of the oyster that created the pearl (the

more mature oysters produce larger pearls) and the location in which the pearl

was The South Sea waters of Australia tend to produce the larger

pearls; probably because the water along the coast line is supplied with rich

nutrients from the ocean Also, the type of mussel common to the area

seems to possess a predilection for producing comparatively large

G

Historically, the world’s best pearls came from the Persian Gulf, especially

around what is now The pearls of the Persian Gulf were natural

created and collected by breath-hold The secret to the special luster of

Gulf pearls probably derived from the unique mixture of sweet and salt water

around the Unfortunately, the natural pearl industry of the Persian Gulf

ended abruptly in the early 1930’s with the discovery of large deposits of

Those who once dove for pearls sought prosperity in the economic boom

ushered in by the oil The water pollution resulting from spilled oil

and indiscriminate over-fishing of oysters essentially ruined the once pristine

pearl producing waters of the Today, pearl diving is practiced only as

a Still, Bahrain remains one of the foremost trading centers for high

quality In fact, cultured pearls are banned from the Bahrain pearl

market, in an effort to preserve the location’s Nowadays, the largest

stock of natural pearls probably resides in Ironically, much of India’s

stock of natural pearls came originally from Unlike Bahrain, which

has essentially lost its pearl resource, traditional pearl fishing is still practiced

on a small scale in

雅思阅读答案 第21篇

TEST 1 PASSAGE 1参考译文:

Johnson’s Dictionary

约翰逊博士的字典

For the century before Johnson’s Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concern about the state of the English There was no standard way of speaking or writing and no agreement as to the best way of bringing some order to the chaos of English Dr Johnson provided the

约翰逊博士的《字典》于1775年出版,在此之前的一个世纪,人们一直对英语的发展状况担忧。口语和书面语没有统一的标准,对于如何整顿英语拼写混乱的局面也没有统一的看法。正是约翰逊博士为这一问题提供了解决方案。

There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall ‘of hard usuall English wordes’. Like the various dictionaries that came after it during the seventeenth century, Cawdray’s tended to concentrate on ‘scholarly’ words; one function of the dictionary was to enable its student to convey an impression of fine

当然,在此之前也有过一些字典《其中最早的是一本约120页的小册子,由一个叫Robert Cawdray的人编辑,于1604年出版,名为《按字母排序的罕见英语词汇表》。正如后来17世纪出版的许多字典一样,Cawdray倾向于着重收录学术词汇。这本字典的功能之一就是使字典的使用者能体现出良好的学术修养。

Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer — lexical as well as social and it is highly appropriate that Dr Samuel Johnson, the very model of an eighteenth-century literary man, as famous in his own time as in ours, should have published his Dictionary at the very beginning of the heyday of the middle

除了规范英语混乱状态的实际需要外,英语字典的兴盛也与英国中产阶级的兴起有关。这些中产阶级渴望对各种要征服的环境进行定义和约束,包括词汇环境、社会环境和商业环境。塞缪尔?约翰逊博士作为18世纪文学家的典型代表,在当时和现在都享有盛誉,他在中产阶级正如日中天之时出版他的《字典》真是再合“时”不过了。

Johnson was a poet and critic who raised common sense to the heights of His approach to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was intensely Up until his time, the task of producing a dictionary on such a large scale had seemed impossible without the establishment of an academy to make decisions about right and wrong Johnson decided he did not need an academy to settle arguments about language; he would write a dictionary himself and he would do it Johnson signed the contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller Robert Dosley at a breakfast held at the Golden Anchor Inn near Holbom Bar on 18 June was to be paid £ in instalments, and from this he took money to rent Gough Square, in which he set up his ‘dictionary workshop’.

约翰逊是诗人、批评家,他将常识提髙到了天赋的髙度。对于那些从17世纪晚期到18世纪早期一直困扰着作家的问题,约翰逊的解决方法是非常实用的。在约翰逊之前,如果没有专门的学术机构判别正确与错误的用法,要出版这样一部大型字典几乎是不可能的。约翰逊则认为不需要学术机构来解决语言上的争端,他要自己编一本字典,而且要自己亲手去编。1764年6月18日,约翰逊与书商Robert Dosley在Holbom酒店附近的Golden Anchor旅店吃早餐时,签订了关于这本《字典》的合同。约翰逊因此获得了总价值1575英镑的分期付款,他从这些钱中拿出一些租下了17Gough广场,在这里建起了自己的“字典作坊”。

James Boswell, his biographer, described the garret where Johnson worked as ‘fitted up like a counting house’ with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks would work standing Johnson himself was stationed on a rickety chair at an ‘old crazy deal table’ surrounded by a chaos of borrowed He was also helped by six assistants, two of whom died whilst the Dictionary was still in

James Boswell曾为约翰逊作传,他描述说约翰逊工作的阁楼就像“一个账房”,中间有一张长长的的桌子,负责抄写的工作人员站着工作。约翰逊坐在一把快要散架的椅子上,面前是一张老式的摇摇晃晃的文案桌,周围乱七八糟堆放着一堆借来的书。同时旁边有六个助手帮助,其中两个在《字典》编纂的筹备阶段就去世了。

The work was immense; filling about eighty large notebooks (and without a library to hand), Johnson wrote the definitions of over 40,000 words, and illustrated their many meanings with some 114,000 quotations drawn from English writing on every subject, from the Elizabethans to his own He did not expect to achieve complete Working to a deadline, he had to draw on the best of all previous dictionaries, and to make his work one of heroic In fact, it was very much Unlike his predecessors, Johnson treated English very practically, as a living language, with many different shades of He adopted his definitions on the principle of English common law — according to After its publication, his Dictionary was not seriously rivalled for over a

工作量是巨大的。当时,约翰逊在身边还没有图书馆可参阅的条件下,将80大本笔记进行了分类整理,撰写了4万多条词的定义,并将这些词的多个义项用约万条从各个学科的英语书面材料中摘出的引例加以佐证上些引例来源极广,从伊丽莎白时代到当时作家的作品都被涵盖在内。约翰逊并没有想进行完全的自我创作。由于有最后期限,他不得不吸收先前所有字典的精华之处,这就使他的工作成了一项规模宏大的整合工作。事实上,约翰逊所做的工作绝不仅限于此。和以前的字典编基者不同的是,约翰逊对待英语的态度十分务实。他将英语看成是活的语言,意思上有许多细微的差别。他对词的定义采取英语普通法则:遵照先例。因此,约翰逊的《字典》出版后,在长达一个多世纪的时间里,都没有出现一本真正能与其相媲美的字典。

After many vicissitudes the Dictionary was finally published on 15 April It was instantly recognised as a landmark throughout ‘This very noble work,’ wrote the leading Italian lexicographer, ‘will be a perpetual monument of Fame to the Author, an Honour to his own Country in particular, and a general Benefit to the republic of Letters throughout Europe" The fact that Johnson had taken on the Academies of Europe and matched them (everyone knew that forty French academics had taken forty years to produce the first French national dictionary) was cause for much English

几经周折后,约翰逊的这本《字典》终于在1775年4月15日出版了。一经出版,这本字典就在整个欧洲获得了一致认可,被誉为里程碑式的著作?一位意大利著名的辞书编築者写道:“这项崇高的作品将成为其著者永恒的荣誉丰碑,也是其祖国的一项特别荣耀,这部作品惠及了整个欧洲大陆文学界。”众所周知,40个法国学者花了40年的时间才出版了第一部法语字典。而约翰逊一个人就承担了一项欧洲学术界所做的工作并毫不逊色地把它完成,这一切都让英国人引以为傲。

Johnson had worked for nine years, ‘with little assistance of the learned, and without any patronage of the great; not in the soft obscurities of retirement, or under the shelter of academic bowers, but amidst inconvenience and distraction, in sickness and in sorrow’. For all its faults and eccentricities his two-volume work is a masterpiece and a landmark, in his own words, ‘setting the orthography, displaying the analogy, regulating the structures, and ascertaining the significations of English words’. It is the cornerstone of Standard English an achievement which, in James Boswell’s words ‘conferred stability on the language of his ’

约翰逊几乎没有得到学者的帮助或伟人的赞助,也没有退休后的舒适条件,更不是在凉爽的书房中完成工作。他是在种.种不便与干扰中、在疾病折磨和忧伤中一直工作了九年。尽管存在瑕疵和怪异之处,他的这部两卷本的著作仍然称得上是一部杰作,一座里程碑。用他自己的话说,这本字典“规范了拼写,进行了词汇比较,规范了结构,明确了英文字词的含义”。这部字典为后来的标准英语奠定了基础,这一成就,用James Boswell的话说,就是“为英语的稳定做出了贡献”。

The Dictionary, together with his other writing, made Johnson famous and so well esteemed that his friends were able to prevail upon King George Ⅲ to offer him a From then on, he was to become the Johnson of

约翰逊因为这部《字典》和其他一些作品而闻名于世并备受尊重,这使得他的朋友能够说服国王乔治三世赏赐给他养老金。从那时起,他就成了家喻户晓的约翰逊。

TEST 1 PASSAGE 2 参考译文:

Nature or Nurture?

是先天本性还是后天控制?

A A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a ‘leader’ in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to Specifically Milgram told each volunteer ‘teacher-subject’ that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils’ ability to

A 几年前,耶鲁大学的Stanley Milgram进行了一项行为心理学试验,这项试验十分有趣但又令试验对象深感不安。40名试验对象分别来自社会各界。试验要测试在对某领导命令做的事情可能产生反感的情况下,这些试验对象是否愿意执行命令。Milgram向每位在试验中扮演教师角色的志愿者明确地解释,试验是为了崇高的教育事业而进行的,是要测试体罚犯错误的学生是否会对学生的学习能力产生积极的影响。

B Milgram’s experimental set-up involved placing the teacher-subject before a panel of thirty switches with labels ranging from ‘15 volts of electricity (slight shock)’ to ‘450 volts (danger — severe shock)’ in steps of 15 volts The teacher-subject was told that whenever the pupil gave the wrong answer to a question, a shock was to be administered, beginning at the lowest level and increasing in severity with each successive wrong The supposed ‘pupil’ was in reality an actor hired by Milgram to simulate receiving the shocks by emitting a spectrum of groans, screams and writings together with an assortment of statements and expletives denouncing both the experiment and the Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignore the reactions of the pupil, and to administer whatever level of shock was called for, as per the rule governing the experimental situation of the

B Milgram的试验方案是让这些扮演教师角色的试验对象到一个有30个切换开关的控电板前,开关上面分别贴着电压标签,从15伏(轻度电击)开始,每个开关依次增大15伏,一直增大到450伏(危险的严重电击)。然后告诉这些试验对象,学生每回答错一个问题,就施加一次电击, 从最低电压开始,随着错误题数的增加,电击强度也依次增加。试验中的学生实际上是Mifgram雇佣的演员,他发出各种呻吟、叫喊声并痛苦地扭动身体甚至用污言移语谩骂试验者和试验本身,来模拟出学生遭受电击后的反应Milgram让这些扮演教师角色的试验对象不要理会学生的反应,按照控制试验条件的规则,不管电压多髙都要直接施加。

C As the experiment unfolded, the pupil would deliberately give the wrong answers to questions posed by the teacher, thereby bringing on various electrical punishments, even up to the danger level of 300 volts and Many of the teacher-subjects balked at administering the higher levels of punishment, and turned to Milgram with questioning looks and/or complaints about continuing the In these situations, Milgram calmly explained that the teacher-subject was to ignore the pupil’s cries for mercy and carry on with the If the subject was still reluctant to proceed, Milgram said that it was important for the sake of the experiment that the procedure be followed through to the His final argument was ‘you have no other You must go on’. What Milgram was trying to discover was the number of teacher-subjects who would be willing to administer the highest levels of shock, even in the face of strong personal and moral revulsion against the rules and conditions of the

C 随着试验的展开,这个学生要故意答错老师提出的问题,从而受到各种级别电击的惩罚,甚至是高达300伏的危险电压或更高电压的电击惩罚。许多扮演教师的试验对象在实施高电压惩罚时犹豫不决,面带疑惑地看着Milgram或者对继续试验颇有微词。一旦遇到这种情况,Milgram就会冷静地向扮演教师的试验对象解释说,不要理会学生请求怜悯的呼喊,继续试验。如果试验对象仍不肯继续试验,Milgram就告诉他们,为了完成试验将试验步骤进行到底是很重要的。如果这样仍不奏效的话, Milgram就会说:“你别无选择,必须继续试验。”Milgram想要找出的是,面对人性和道德对试验规则和条件强烈的反感,有多少扮演教师的试验对象会愿意施加最高电压的电击惩罚。

D Prior to carrying out the experiment, Milgram explained his idea to a group of 39 psychiatrists and asked them to predict the average percentage of people in an ordinary population who would be willing to administer the highest shock level of 450 The overwhelming consensus was that virtually all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the The psychiatrists felt that ‘most subjects would not go beyond 150 volts’ and they further anticipated that only four per cent would go up to 300 Furthermore, they thought that only a lunatic fringe of about one in 1,000 would give the highest shock of 450

D 在进行试验之前, Milgram向39名精神科医生解释了他的想法,让他们预测一下普通人群中平均会有多大比例的人愿意施加最高达450伏的电击。这些医生几乎一致认为差不多所有扮演教师的试验对象都会拒绝遵从试验人的命令。这些精神科医生感到大多数扮演教师的试验对象不会施加超过150伏电压的电击,并进一步预测说,只有4%的人会施力P300伏以上电压的电击。而且,他们认为只有约千分之一的像疯子一样的人才会施加450伏的电压。

E What were the actual results? Well, over 60 per cent of the teacher-subjects continued to obey Milgram up to the 450-volt limit in repetitions of the experiment in other countries, the percentage of obedient teacher-subjects was even higher, reaching 85 per cent in one How can we possibly account for this vast discrepancy between what calm, rational, knowledgeable people predict in the comfort of their study and what pressured, flustered, but cooperative ‘teachers’ actually do in the laboratory of real life?

E 实际结果如何呢? 60%以上的扮演教师的试验对象一直遵从Milgram的命令,直到施加最高电压450伏的电击。在其他国家进行的重复试验中,愿意遵从命令的试验对象的比例更髙, 在某个国家:甚至髙达85%。那些冷静、理性、有学识的人们依靠他们的研究所得出的轻松的结论,与这些面临压力、紧张不安却遵守命令的扮演教师的试验对象在模拟真实生活的实验室中的所作所为竟然存在这么大的差异,我们怎样才能解释这种差异呢?

F One’s first inclination might be to argue that there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct that was activated by the experiment, and that Milgram’s teache-subjects were just following a genetic need to discharge this pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by administering the electrical A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the caves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal

F人们第一反应可能会说,一定是试验激发了人内在的某种侵略性动物本能。Milgram试验中那些扮演教师的试验对象正是本能地靠施加电击来向学生发泄他们这种受到压抑的原始冲动。典型的现代社会生物学家甚至会称这种侵略性的本能是作为一种优势特征进化而来的,当我们的祖先在岩洞中和平原上与艰苦的生活作斗争时,这种本能对他们的生存起到了重要的作用。因此,这种本能最终作为远古时人类动物行为的遗留产物融人到我们的基因当中。

G An alternative to this notion of genetic programming is to see the teacher-subjects’ actions as a result of the social environment under which the experiment was carried As Milgram himself pointed out, ‘Most subjects in the experiment see their behaviour in a larger context that is benevolent and useful to society — the pursuit of scientific The psychological laboratory has a strong claim to legitimacy and evokes trust and confidence in those who perform An action such as shocking a victim, which in isolation appears evil, acquires a completely different meaning when placed in this ’

G 与这种基因说不同的观点是将那些扮演教师的试验对象的行为看作是进行试验的社会环境所造成的。正如Milgram自己所说:“大多数试验对象从大的背景出发,认为自己的行为是仁慈的,对社会有益的,是在追求科学真理。心理实验室又大力强调此举的合法性,因此使试验参与人员对其产生了信任和信心。像对受害人施加电击这件事,单独看来似乎是恶行,但在这种情况下却有了完全不同的意义。”

H Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality and personal and moral code with that of larger institutional structures, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of

H因此,按这种解释,扮演教师的试验对象是将自己的个性、个人准则和道德准则与更广泛的体制结构结合了起来,使个人的一些特性,如忠诚、自我牺牲和遵守规定,为恶毒的权威体制服务。

I Here we have two radically different explanations for why so many teacher-subjects were willing to forgo their sense of personal responsibility for the sake of an institutional authority The problem for biologists, psychologists and anthropologists is to sort out which of these two polar explanations is more This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology — to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates, or at least strongly biases, the interaction of animals and humans with their environment, that is, their Put another way, sociobiology is concerned with elucidating the biological basis of all

I对于众多扮演教师的试验对象为了一个机构权威人物而愿意放弃他们个人责任感的这种行为,我们有两种完全不同的解释。生物学家、心理学家和人类学家所要解决的问题就是找出这两种截然对立的解释哪种更合理。从本质讲,这是一个当代社会生物学的问题一探索人自身相关基因组成能在多大程度上掌控,或至少说是强烈影响动物和人与环境的交互活动,即他们的行为。换句话说,社会生物学关注的是如何去阐释所有行为的生物学基础。

TEST 1 PASSAGE 3 参考译文:

The Truth about the Environment

环境问题真相

For many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting They have developed a hit-list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out; that the population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat; that species are becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that the planet’s air and water are becoming ever more

在许多环境论者看来,我们的世界似乎变得越来越糟。他们列出了一系列我们担忧的问题:自然资源正在枯竭,人口不断增长,粮食越来越少,物种大批灭绝,地球的空气污染和水污染越来越严重。

But a quick look at the facts shows a different First, energy and other natural resources have become more abundant, not less so, since the book ‘The Limits to Growth’ was published in 1972 by a group of Second, more food is now produced per head of the world’s population than at any time in Fewer people are Third, although species are indeed becoming extinct, only about % of them are expected to disappear in the next 50 years, not 25-50%, as has so often been And finally, most forms of environmental pollution either appear to have been exaggerated, or are transient — associated with the early phases of industrialisation and therefore best cured not by restricting economic growth, but by accelerating One form of pollution — the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming — does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating A bigger problem may well turn out to be an inappropriate response to

但我们只要简单分析一下事实就会发现另外一种情况。首先,自1972年一组科学家出版了《增长的极限》这本书以来,能源和其他自然资源是变得越来越丰富了,而不是越来越少。其次,人均粮食产量比以往任何时候都要高,挨饿的人越来越少。第三,尽管物种的确在灭绝,但未来50年只会有%的物种灭绝,而不是像人们通常所预计的25~50%。最后,大多数环境污染问题或者被夸大其词或者只是暂时的,只是与工业化的早期阶段相联系的,因此解决这些污染问题的最佳方法不是限制经济的发展, 而是加速经济的发展。有一种污染,即由于排放温室气体所引起的全球变暖问题,似乎会在未来长期存在,但其总效应却不大可能会带来特别严重的问题。更大的问题反而可能出在应对措施不得力上。

Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and

但是民意调査显示,许多人所持的观念认为环境质量标准在下降,造成这种事实与人们观念间的差异的原因大致有四个:

One is the lopsidedness built into scientific Scientific funding goes mainly to areas with many That may be wise policy, but it will also create an impression that many more potential problems exist than is the

一是科学研究上的偏颇。科学基金主要投人到存在问题的领域。这似乎是一项明智的决策,但是这同样也给人们造成了一种印象,似乎存在许多潜在的问题,而事实并非如此。

Secondly, environmental groups need to be noticed by the mass They also need to keep the money rolling Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their In 1997, for example, the World Wide Fund for Nature issued a press release entitled: ‘Two thirds of the world’s forests lost ’ The truth turns out to be nearer 20%.

第二,环保组织需要得到媒体的注意,也需要支持资金源源不断地流入。因此对于这些团体有时会有夸大其词的情况就不难理解了。比如说,1997年世界自然基金就发布一篇名为《世界森林2/3已不复存在》的新闻稿。而事实上世界森林只减少了20%左右。

Though these groups are run overwhelmingly by selfless folk, they nevertheless share many of the characteristics of other lobby That would matter less if people applied the same degree of scepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other A trade organisation arguing for, say, weaker pollution controls is instantly seen as Yet a green organisation opposing such a weakening is seen as altruistic, even if an impartial view of the controls in question might suggest they are doing more harm than

尽管这些组织绝大多数都是由无私的人们管理运营的,但他们和其他游说团体有许多共同之处。除非人们对待环境问题的游说活动也像对待其他问题的游说活动一样,持同等的怀疑态度, 这种共同之处才不会发挥那么大的作用。比如说,一个贸易组织如果要求降低污染控制标准,这个组织马上就会被认为是在谋私利。而即使对这一污染控制标准的客观审视可能会证明环保组织反对这种污染控制的低标准是弊大于利,这个环保组织仍会被认为是无私的。

A third source of confusion is the attitude of the People are clearly more curious about bad news than Newspapers and broadcasters are there to provide what the public That, however, can lead to significant distortions of An example was America’s encounter with El Nino in 1997 and This climatic phenomenon was accused of wrecking tourism, causing allergies, melting the ski-slopes and causing 22 However, according to an article in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, the damage it did was estimated at US$4 billion but the benefits amounted to some US$19 These came from higher winter temperatures (which saved an estimated 850 lives, reduced heating costs and diminished spring floods caused by meltwaters).

另一个使人们印象错位的因素就是媒体的态度。显然,人们对坏消息比对好消息更好奇。新闻和广播就是要提供大众所需要的东西。而这一点可能会导致人们认识上的巨大偏差J997年和1998年美国受到了厄尔尼诺现象的影响就是一个例子。人们责难这一气候现象使旅游业陷于瘫痪,引起人们的过敏症状, 使一个滑雪坡融化造成22人死亡。尽管如此,美国气象协会公告上的一篇文章却认为, 尽管厄尔尼诺造成的损失估计有40亿美元,但它带来的收益却髙达约190亿美元。这主要得益于冬季气温的升髙,这种升温拯救了大约850人的生命,降低了取暖费用,缓解了由于冰峰河流春季融化造成的春洪。

The fourth factor is poor individual People worry that the endless rise in the amount of stuff everyone throws away will cause the world to run out of places to dispose of Yet, even if America’s trash output continues to rise as it has done in the past, and even if the American population doubles by 2100, all the rubbish America produces through the entire 21st century will still take up only one-12,000th of the area of the entire United

第四个因素是个人见识的狭隘。人们担心人均垃圾产生量的日益增多将使世界无处存放垃圾。但是,即使美国的垃圾产生量像以前那样继续增加,即使到2100年美国的人口加倍,全美国在整个21世纪产生的垃圾仍然仅会占到美国领土总面积的1/12,000。

So what of global warming? As we know, carbon dioxide emissions are causing the planet to The best estimates are that the temperatures will rise by 2-3℃ in this century, causing considerable problems, at a total cost of US$5,000

那么全球变暖这一问题怎么样呢?众所周知,二氧化碳的排放导致地球变暖。据估计本世纪气温最髙会上升2~3℃,这将带来严重的问题,造成5万亿美元的损失。

Despite the intuition that something drastic needs to be done about such a costly problem, economic analyses clearly show it will be far more expensive to cut carbon dioxide emissions radically than to pay the costs of adaptation to the increased A model by one of the main authors of the United Nations Climate Change Panel shows how an expected temperature increase of degrees in 2100 would only be diminished to an increase of Or to put it another way, the temperature increase that the planet would have experienced in 20XX would be postponed to

尽管人们直觉上认为应当采取一些激进的措施,解决这一可能需要付出髙昂代价的问题,但是经济方面的分析表明,采取激进措施削减二氧化碳的排放量,将比采取措施适应温度的上升付出更大的代价。联合国气候变化专家小组的一位主要成员所设计的一项模型表明, 如何将2100年时度的气温上升减少到只上升度。换句话说,20XX年地球会出现的升温推迟到2100年出现。

So this does not prevent global warming, but merely buys the world six Yet the cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, for the United States alone, will be higher than the cost of solving the world’s single, most pressing health problem: providing universal access to clean drinking water and Such measures would avoid 2 million deaths every year, and prevent half a billion people from becoming seriously

所以这并不会防止全球变暖,而只是给了世界6年的宽限期。但仅对美国而言,与解决人人都能获得清洁的饮用水和卫生设施这一世界上最紧迫的健康问题相比,减少二氧化碳排放量要付出更髙的代价。而解决了这一健康问题,毎年将可以避免200万人死亡,防止5亿人患上严重疾病。

It is crucial that we look at the facts if we want to make the best possible decisions for the It may be costly to be overly optimistic — but more costly still to be too

要做出有关未来的最佳决定就应当审视一下事实,这一点很关键。过度乐观可能要付出代价,但过度悲观则要付出更大的代价。

雅思阅读答案 第22篇

Passage 1参考译文:

旅游的背景,意义和范畴

自从上帝创造了万物以来,旅行就已经存在了:那时原始人启程,常常穿越很远的距离搜寻猎物,这些猎物提供了生存所必需的食物以及衣物。贯穿人类历史,人类为了贸易、宗教信仰、经济所得、战争、移民以及其他同样具有吸引力的动机而旅行。在罗马时代,独有的贵族以及高级政府官员同样为了享乐而旅行。坐落在Pompeii和Herculaneum的海边度假胜地给人们提供了一个逃离到度假别墅的机会,从而避免了罗马夏日的酷暑。除了在黑暗时代,旅游是一直在发展的,而且人类历史自从有记录以来,旅游在文明发展以及经济发展当中起到了极为关键的作用。

如今,我们知道的大众旅游的形式是20世纪独有的现象。历史学家们认为,大众旅游的出现开始于英国工业革命时期,因为它伴随着中产阶级的崛起和容易获取到的相对廉价的交通方式。第二次世界大战过后的商业、航空工业的创造以及之后20世纪60年代的喷气式飞机的发展,标志着跨国旅游的快速增长与扩张。这种增长导致了一个主要的新的工业的发展:旅游业。反过来,国际旅游的发展成为众多国家的要事,因为它不仅提供了新的就业机会,也产生了创造外汇的新途径。

今天,在经济以及社会价值方面,旅游业地位都显著提升。大多教的工业化国家在过去的几十年,都在服务业领域经历了最快速的发展。尽管在有些国家当中,旅行和旅游业在很大程度上并不被认为是一个实体,但他们却是服务业最大的几个板块之一。根据世界旅游与旅游协会的资料(1992),‘几乎用任何一种经济指标衡量,旅行和旅游业都是世界上最大的产业,这些指标包括增值资本投资、就业以及税收贡献。’在1992年,工业总产值估计为万亿美元,比全部消费支出的12%还要多。创造了 亿个就业岗位(差不多全部就业人口的7%),旅行和旅游业雇佣的人数最多。这一产业是世界领先的产业贡献者,每年它产出了超过6%的世界国民生产总值,占据了超过来源于直接、间接以及个人税收4220亿美金的资本投资。因此,旅游业不仅对世界经济有着深远的影响,而且由于旅游的教育性意义和对就业的作用,对社会本身也有深远的影响。

旅行和旅游业隐藏了或者模糊了它的经济影响,其主要问题是这一工业的多样性与不完整性。旅游产业包括:酒店、汽车旅馆和其他形式的住宿业;餐厅以及其他形式的食物供应行业;交通服务以及设施;游乐场、旅游景点、和其他休闲设施;礼品商店以及大量的其他企业。因为很多这些企业也服务本地居民,游客消费的影响容易被忽略或者低估。另外,Meis (1992)指出旅游业涉及一些对于分析家以及政策制定者而言都觉得无定形的、抽象的概念。更进一步说,在所有国家,这一问题使得旅游业难以开发任何形式的有效而可信的旅游信息库来测算旅游业对地区、国家甚至全球的经济贡献。但是这种多样性的本质使得旅行和旅游业成为许多国家、地区或者是社群经济发展的理想工具。

旅行和旅游业过去曾经是有钱人独享的领城,现在却已成为大多数人习惯的生活方式。事实上,McIntosh和Goeldner (1990)指出,对于很多国家,旅游业已成了跨国贸易中的最大的商品,对于其他一定数量的国家而言,旅游业也排在了第二位或第三位。例如,旅游业是百慕大、希腊、意大利、西班牙、瑞士和大多数加勒比海国家的最大收入来源。另外,Hawkins和Ritchie引用美国运通公司的数据,指出旅行和旅游产业在巴哈马、巴西、加拿大、法国、(前)西德、香港、意大利、牙买加、日本、新加坡、英国、美国是雇佣员工最多的产业。但是由于定义的问题直接影响到了统计性的测量,确定地提出精确、有效、可靠的关于世界范围旅游业参与程度以及其经济影响的数据是不大可能的。在很多情况下,当人们试图测量国内的旅游业时,相似的问题也出现了。

Test 3 Passage 2参考译文:

秋叶

加拿大作家Jay Ingram调查树叶在秋关变红的秘密

每年北美多个地区里最为迷人的自然事件之一,就是秋叶变色之时。叶子的颜色都很壮观美丽,但一个确切的问题还久久地困扰着科学家们,就是为什么一些树会变成黄色或橙色,而 其他树则变为红色或紫色。

夏天树叶是绿色的,因为它们有足够的叶绿素,而这些分子能捕捉到阳光,并将其转化成作为树木生长新原料的能量。当北半球秋天临近时,太阳能的可利用成分会大量地减少。对于很多树种来说——常绿松柏类植物是个例外——最好的应对措施是停止光合作用,直到春天到来。所以,树木与其在整个冬天里保留现有的多余叶子,倒不如保存珍贵的养料而丢弃它们。但在这些叶子凋落之前,树木会拆分它们的叶绿素分子,并将这些分子内有用的氮传送回细枝里。一旦叶绿素被耗尽,在夏天里因叶绿素的主导作用,而被抑制的其他颜色便开始显现。这个发现解释了秋叶的黄与橙,却并未解释出如同枫树和漆树一般的灿烂的红色和紫色。

红色的原料是众所周知的:它由不同的花青素提炼出来,一种在可见光谱中能显现红到蓝的水溶性植物色素。他们属于一个级别的糖本化合物,也称之为类黄酮。令人困惑的是花青素是新制成的,即树木准备让叶子凋零的时候才在叶子中生成。但树木生成花青素的行为难以被理解一为什么树木在它现有的叶子中吸收和保存花青素,还要忙着在叶子里制作新的这种化学物质?

一些关于花青素的理论认为它们是用作防止昆虫和真菌伤害的化学防御,或是用于吸引以食果类为生的鸟类,或是增大叶子的耐寒能力。然而这些理论个个都存在问题,包括下面的事实:叶子保持红色的时期如此之短,以至于在该时期内制造花青素所需消耗的能量大于任何抗菌或抵抗食草动物活动所需的能量。

它(理论)也建议,树木可以生成鲜艳的红色,让食草昆虫相信他们自身是健康强壮的,并能轻易地增加化学防御来抵抗感染。如果昆虫们注意到这些树木类似的“宣传”信心,它们可能更多地在一些暗沉的,抵挡性较弱的寄主上产卵。这个理论上的错误就在于缺乏事实依据的支撑。到现在为止,没有人能确定是否越强壮的树越能展示出明亮的树叶,或昆虫是否会根据颜色亮度来选择树木。

或许看似最有理的推断是一个被称为“光屏”的假设。该假设解释了为什么叶子在忙着准备过冬时,不顾麻烦也去制造花青素。这听起来是矛盾的,因为这假设背后的想法是红色素是在秋叶中生成的,以此来保护叶绿素,这个吸光化学物,免受过强光源的伤害。为什么叶绿素需要保护,当它是自然界中最优质的光源吸收体?为什么正是树木折断需被抢救时要 尽可能保护叶绿素?

尽管精妙地参与到捕捉太阳光能量的过程中,叶绿素有时也会被破坏,特别是当环境是干燥、低温或营养缺失时。这时的叶子正忙碌地为过冬分解内在机制。由摇摇欲坠的秋叶中的叶绿素分子吸收而来的能量,并不能立即被传送到有用的产物和过程中,因为它将构成一片完整的夏叶。老弱的秋叶是由活跃的叶绿素分子造成的,因受具有摧毁性作用的氧化影响而变得容易残破。

即便你不曾怀疑叶子变红时发生了什么,但迹象已经摆在眼前。首先能明确的是:对于许多树而言,最红的叶子都是在树木近阳的一面。不仅这样,最发亮的红也出现在叶子的最顶端。为世代所认识的是,对于形成深红颜色的最佳条件是干燥、晴天和凉爽的夜晚,这是让叶子最大程度吸光的最佳条件。最后,如例如枫树一般的树木在北半球越北的地方,叶子就会越红。那里更冷, 树木会感到更有压迫,而它们的叶绿素也会更敏感,需要更多的阳光。

然而,仍未探明的是为什么一些树木借助生成红色素,而其他则不用,就能轻易地显示出他们的黄橙色调。是那些树有别的解决方法去阻挡在秋天的过分暴晒吗?他们的故事,或许在我们眼里并不惊人,但必定精妙而复杂。

Test 3 Passage 3参考译文:

蓝色海平线外

居住在太平洋遥远岛屿上的古代航行者

一项关于太平洋Vanuatu群岛上的岛的重要考古发现,揭开了一个古老的航海种族的行踪,该种族恰恰也是今天Polynesians亚种族的远古祖先。Efate岛是偶然被世人发现的。一位农业工作者,在挖掘一个被废弃的种植园时,挖开了一个坟墓,而该坟墓仅是一块大约有3000年历史的墓地上数十个坟墓中的第一个。

这是在太平洋群岛上至今为止发现的最古老的墓地,它里面躺着一个远古种族的众多遗体。考古学家们称该种族为Lapita。

Lapita种族是勇敢的蓝色大海上的冒险者,他们曾经用简单的独木舟穿越海洋。但是他们不仅仅是探险者。他们也是开拓者,携带了一切需要的物品来创建新生活,这些物品包括他们的家畜,芋头幼苗和石具。在长达几个世纪的时间里,种族把他们世界的边界,从Papua New Guinea岛上覆盖着丛林的火山群,延伸到汤加群岛上最孤寂的布满珊瑚的外围地带。

Lipita种族仅仅留下可几条关于自身的宝贵线索,但是Efate岛大大地扩充了对研究象来说有用数据量。62位Lapita人的遗体至今经被挖掘出来了,考古学家们同时也非常激动地发现了六个完整的陶罐。其他发掘出的物品包括一个Lipita人的骨灰瓮,瓮的边缘散布着仿制的小鸟,仿佛在向下凝视着密封在里面的Lapita的遗体。“这是个重要的发现,”澳大利亚国立大学考古学教授兼挖掘场地的国际团队的总负责人Matthew Spriggs表成“因为它令人信服地确定了遗体便是Lapita种族。”

从这些人类遗体中提取出来的DNA可能能够帮助解答其中一个在太平洋人类学中最让人困惑的问题,即所有的太平洋岛上居民来源于一个祖先还是多个。是只有一批来自亚洲某个地方的外来移民, 还是有若千批来自不同地方的外来移民?

“Efate岛的发现是我们有史以来最好的机会,” Sprigg说道,“来探索Lapita种族到底是怎么样的种族,他们来自哪里,以及当今与他们关系最紧密的后代是哪些种族。”

这里还有一个棘手的问题,考古学至今提供不了多少答案,即Lapita人是怎么样在远古时期完成相当于月球登陆般艰难的穿越海洋的行动,而且还那么多次? 至今没有人发现一艘他们的独木舟或任何绳索,以此来发现他们的独木舟是如何航行的。同时在后来的Polynesians人的口头相传的历史故事和传统中也没能提供什么相关线索,因为在这些故事传统流传到Lapita那个时期以前,就已经变成神话传说了。

“我们可以确定的是Lapita人那时候已经有能够开展海洋航行的独木舟了,并且他们有能力行驶独木舟。”奥克兰大学的考古学教授Geoff Irwin表示。他说道,那些航行技能被早期航海人员发展并流传了数千年,这些早期的航海人员靠自己想方设法穿越了西部太平洋的群岛,开辟了通向邻近岛屿的短路线。然而,真正的冒险还没开始,直到他们的后裔行驶出大陆的视线范围,大陆变得每个方向都没有界限。而这肯定对他们来说很困难,如同当今我们登陆月球一样。当然这样的穿越举动使得他们从他们的祖先中突显出来,但是是什么给了他们勇气发起如此危险的航行之旅呢?

Irwin指出,Lapita人进入太平洋的航向是向东的,这不同于通常的顺风。他同时表明,这样艰难的逆风航行方式,也许正是也们成功的关键。“他们能够行驶数天进入未知‘和可以到达的’地带,因为他们确定地知道如果一无所获,他们能够转向乘着顺风快速返这正是促成整个探索行动成功的关键。”一旦出行,有经验的海员能够观测并跟随大量的指引线索到达新大陆,比如海鸟,被潮汐冲入大海的椰子和细枝,和下午海平线上堆积的云层,这些云层通常代表不远处有海岛。

对于返航的探险者,不论成功与否,他们自己群岛的地形就已经提供了一个保障安全的网罩。如果在途中没有这个安全的网罩,航行偏离他们自己的港口,迷失甚至是行驶向死亡之路将变得很容易发生。比如,Vanuatu岛,在西北到东南方向上长度达500多英里,它众多相互可见的岛屿,为乘着顺风返航的航海员们形成增援,保护着他们。

所有这些预设了一个重要的细节点,澳大利亚国立大学的史前时期研究教授Atholl Anderson说道, Lapita人已经早早地掌握了先进的逆风航行的技能。

“并没有证据证明他们能够做这样的事情,” Anderson表示,“但这里已经假设他们能够这样做,同时基于这样的假设,人们已经制作独木舟来再次开展那些早期的航海探险。但是没有人知道他们的独木舟到底是怎么样的或者他们是怎么样装配索具。”

与其全部归功于人类的技能,也得“考虑到自然风力产生的可能性”,Anderson表示。厄尔尼诺现象,如今影响太平洋的这一异常气候,也许曾帮助分散Lapita人群的分布。他指出从太平洋周围生长缓慢的珊瑚中获取的气候数据暗示着大概在Lapita人对外扩张时期,存在一系列不平常且频繁的厄尔尼诺现象。通过反转一般东西流向的顺风且每次长达数周,这些超级厄年尼诺现象大概已经促使Lapita人开始漫长且未计划过的航行之旅。

但是他们做到了,Lapita人分布在太平洋三分之一的岛屿上,之后由于若干只有他们知道的原因,停止了对外探索。前方太平洋中部有着大片仍未被开发的领域,也许他们太薄弱而无法继续往前探索扩张。可能总共人数算起来从未超过几千人, 在他们向东的快速迁徙过程中,他们遇见了成百上千的岛屿,单单在斐济就有300多个岛屿。

雅思阅读答案 第23篇

Passage1

参考译文

How much higher? How much faster?

—Limits to human sporting performance are not yet in sight—

多高?多快?

——人类的运动极限没有尽头

Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through For the so-called power events — that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump — times and distances have improved ten to twenty per In the endurance events the results have been more At the 1908 Olympics, John Hayes of the team ran a marathon in a time of In 1999, Morocco’s Khalid Khannouchi set a new world record of 2:05:42, almost thirty per cent

自从20世纪早期国际田联开始记录成绩以来,运动员奔跑的速度,跳的高度,投掷重物的距离都在稳步提髙。在那些需要爆发力的项目,比如100米跑和跳远项目中,时间和距离都提高了10%-20%。在耐力项目中,运动成绩提高得更多。1908年的奥运会上,美国队的约翰?海因跑出了2小时55分18秒的马拉松成绩。在1999年,摩洛哥的选手海耶斯以2小时05分42秒的成绩创造了新的世界记录,几乎提高了30%。

No one theory can explain improvements in performance, but the most important factor has been ‘The athlete must choose his parents carefully,’ says Jesus Dapena, a sports scientist at Indiana University, invoking an oftcited Over the past century, the composition of the human gene pool has not changed appreciably, but with increasing global participation in athletics — and greater rewards to tempt athletes — it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified ‘Was there someone like [sprinter] Michael Johnson in the 1920s?’ Dapena ‘I’m sure there was, but his talent was probably never ’

没有任何一个人的理论可以解释成绩的提高,但是最重要的因素是基因。印第安纳大学的运动科学家Jesus Dapena援引一常用谚语说“运动员必须小心选择自己的父母。”在过去的一个世纪里,人类基因库的成分并没有显著地变化,只是全世界有越来越多的人参与了这项运动,诱惑运动员提髙成绩的物质奖励也越来越多,因此现在比以往更有可能尽早发现那些独具运动员基因的个体。Dapena问道:“在20世纪20年代,能找到像短跑运动员迈克?杰克逊一样的人吗?我敢肯定是能的,只是人们从未意识到他身上具有的才能。”

Identifying genetically talented individuals is only the first Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University at Fullerton, maintains that ‘genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can But with the right training we can go much further with that one third than we’ve been ’ Yessis believes that runners, despite their impressive achievements, are ‘running on their genetics’. By applying more scientific methods, ‘they’re going to go much faster’. These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet

识别基因优秀的个体只是第一步。加州大学FuUerton分校的运动科学系的退休教授Michael Yessis认为基因在运动员的表现上只起三分之一的作用。但是,辅以正确的训练,我们可以做得更好。他认为美国的赛跑选手尽管已取得了众多骄人成绩,但他们是“靠他们的基因在跑”。通过使用更多的科学训练方法,“他们将跑得更快”。这些方法包括力量训练。这些训练再现运动员在比赛中的动作,并应用了前苏联首先使用的一种训练技巧——增强式训练模式。

Whereas most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power — the rate at which an athlete can expend When a sprinter runs, Yessis explains, her foot stays in contact with the ground for just under a tenth of a second, half of which is devoted to landing and the other half to pushing Plyometric exercises help athletes make the best use of this brief

虽然绝大多数的训练用来提高力量或者持久性,增强式训练注重提高力——即运动员使用能量的速度。Yessis解释到,在一个短跑运动员跑步时,她的脚和地面接触少于1/10秒,在这1/10秒中,一半的时间用于着地,另一半的时间用于蹬地。增强式训练能帮助运动员最好地利用这一短暂的间隙。

Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address ‘Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even through supplements,’ Yessis Each activity has its own nutritional Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to

营养是另一个没有得到运动教练足够重视的方面。Yessis坚称,即使吃了补品,很多运动员也没有得到最好的营养。毎一项活动都有自己的营养需求。到目前为止,几乎没有教练懂得微量矿物质的缺乏是怎样使运动员受伤的。

Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be ‘If we applied the Russian training model to some of the outstanding runners we have in this country,’ Yessis asserts, ‘they would be breaking records left and ’ He will not predict by how much, however: ‘Exactly what the limits are it’s hard to say, but there will be increases even if only by hundredths of a second, as long as our training continues to ’

在打破记录方面,集中训练也起了作用。Yessis断言:“如果对我们国内的一些杰出赛跑运动员采取俄罗斯的训练模式,他们将会经常破记录。”但是,他没有预测能在多大程度上破记录。“实际上极限在什么地方是很难说的,但是只要我们的训练不断增强,就会有提高,哪怕只有1/100秒。”

One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of the body in A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb in three By applying Newton’s laws to these motions, ‘we can say that this athlete’s run is not fast enough; that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off,’ says Dapena, who uses these methods to help high To date, however, biomechanics has made only a small difference to athletic

最重要的新方法之一就是生物力学,研究运动中身体的学科。生物力学将一个在运动中的运动员拍下来,然后将她的表现资料数字化,在三维空间上记录下每一个关节和肢体的运动。通过在三维空间采用牛顿定律,“我们可以得出结论:这个运动员的奔跑速度不够快,在起跑的过程中并没有强有力地使用胳膊,”Dapena说道。Dapena用这些方法帮助跳高运动员。然而,到目前为止,生物力学对运动员的进步起到的作用不大。

Revolutionary ideas still come from the athletes For example, during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, a relatively unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards, in complete contradiction of all the received high-jumping wisdom, a move instantly dubbed the Fosbury Fosbury himself did not know what he was That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical Fosbury also required another element that lies behind many improvements in athletic performance: an innovation in athletic In Fosbury’s case, it was the cushions that jumpers land Traditionally, high jumpers would land in pits filled with But by Fosbury’s time, sawdust pits had been replaced by soft foam cushions, ideal for

革命性的观点同样还来自运动员自己。比如,在1968年墨西哥城的奥运会上,一个相对来说不是很出名的运动员迪克?F,使用了一个向后跳跃的方法获得了金牌,他的这个方法和当时已有的跳髙方法完全不同,马上被命名为F式落法(既背越式)。他本人并不知道他正在做什么。生物力学专家后来对他的方法进行了分析,并理解了这一方法。这些专家绞尽脑汁去理解这种过于复杂和非传统的方法,而这一方法在他们自己的数学模拟中都没有出现过。F式落法还需要另一个条件来提高运动员的成绩:运动装备上的革新。在迪克?F例子中,这一元素正是运动员着陆的垫子。传统意义上,跳髙运动员都会着陆在填满木屑的深坑里。但是到了迪克?F的年代,填满木屑的深坑被软泡沫垫子代替了,而这种垫子是这种跳法再理想不过的装备了。

In the end, most people who examine human performance are humbled by the resourcefulness of athletes and the powers of the human ‘Once you study athletics, you learn that it’s a vexingly complex issue,’ says John Raglin, a sports psychologist at Indiana ‘Core performance is not a simple or mundane thing of higher, faster, So many variables enter into the equation, and our understanding in many cases is We"ve got a long way to ’ For the foreseeable future, records will be made to be

终于,大多数研究人员被运动员的充沛的体力和人类身体的力量所折服了。“一旦你开始研究运动,你就会发现这是一个令人懊恼的复杂的问题/印第安纳大学的运动心理学家John Raglin说:“不是简简单单的更高,更快,更强就可以提髙核心成绩的。有很多的变量要引入这一方程式,我们对很多情况的理解都是最基本的。我们还有很长的路要走。”在可预见的将来,记录将被打破。

Passage2

参考译文

THE NATURE AND AIMS OF ARCHAEOLOGY

考古学的本质和目的

Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative It is toiling in the sun on an excavation in the Middle East, it is working with living Inuit in the snows of Alaska, and it is investigating the sewers of Roman But it is also the painstaking task of interpretation, so that we come to understand what these things mean for the human And it is the conservation of the world’s cultural heritage against looting and careless

考古学部分是对过去财富的发现,部分是科学分析的严谨工作,部分是创造性想像的练习。同时也是在阳光下辛苦地在中东挖掘,在雪中的阿拉斯加和因纽特人一起工作,研究罗马大不列颠的下水道。但是它也是辛苦解释工作,以使我们理解在人类历史中这些东西代表了什么。它保持了世界文化遗产,使之免受掠夺和疏忽的伤害。

Archaeology, then, is both a physical activity out in the field, and an intellectual pursuit in the study or That is part of its great The rich mixture of danger and detective work has also made it the perfect vehicle for fiction writers and film-makers, from Agatha Christie with Murder in Mesopotamia to Stephen Spielberg with Indiana However far from reality such portrayals are, they capture the essential truth that archaeology is an exciting quest — the quest for knowledge about ourselves and our

考古学既是一个在田野的体力活动,也是在书房或实验室的智力追求。这正是它的巨大吸引力的一部分。这种充满了危险和侦探性质的工作的混合体是小说作家和电影导演的完美载体,从阿加莎?克里斯蒂的《东方快车谋杀案》到斯蒂芬?斯皮尔伯格的《夺宝奇兵》。虽然这些描述和现实差距甚远,但是它们抓住了最本质的事实:考古学是一个令人激动的探询,一个对关于我们自身和过去知识的探询。

But how does archaeology relate to disciplines such as anthropology and history, that are also concerned with the human story? Is archaeology itself a science? And what are the responsibilities of the archaeologist in today’s world?

但是考古学是怎样和诸如人类学和历史学这样的学科相联系呢,这些学科也同样研究人类历史?考古学本身是一门科学吗?考古学家在今天低界中的责任是什么?

Anthropology, at its broadest, is the study of humanity — our physical characteristics as animals and our unique non-biological characteristics that we call Culture in this sense includes what the anthropologist, Edward Tylor, summarised in 1871 as ‘knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society’. Anthropologists also use the term ‘culture’ in a more restricted sense when they refer to the ‘culture’ of a particular society, meaning the non-biological characteristics unique to that society, which distinguish it from other Anthropology is thus a broad discipline — so broad that it is generally broken down into three smaller disciplines: physical anthropology, cultural anthropology and

最广义的人类学是研究人类的科学,包括我们作为动物的身体特征以及被我们称为文化的人类特有的非生物特征。在这种意义上的文化包括了人类学家爱德华?泰勒在1871年总结的“作为社会成员的个体所习得的包括知识、信仰、艺术,道德、习俗以及其他一切能力和习惯。”而当人类学家谈到某个特定社会的文化时,这个文化就是狭义的概念,指这个社会的独特的非生物特征,这一特征使该社会区别于其他社会。人类学是一个非常宽泛的学科,通常分为三个更小的学科:体质人类学、文化人类学和考古学。

Physical anthropology, or biological anthropology as it is also called, concerns the study of human biological or physical characteristics and how they Cultural anthropology — or social anthropology — analyses human culture and Two of its branches are ethnography (the study at first hand of individual living cultures) and ethnology (which sets out to compare cultures using ethnographic evidence to derive general principles about human society).

体质人类学或者生物人类学,正如其名字一样,关注于人类生物或体质特征的研究以及这些特征是怎样发展的。文化人类学或者社会人类学分析人类文化和社会。它的两个分支是人种志(对单个活文化的第一手研究)和民族学(从人种出发,比较各不同文化,得出关于人类社会的通用法则)。

Archaeology is the ‘past tense of cultural anthropology’. Whereas cultural anthropologists will often base their conclusions on the experience of living within contemporary communities, archaeologists study past societies primarily through their material remains — the buildings, tools, and other artefacts that constitute what is known as the material culture left over from former

考古学是“文化人类学的过去时”。文化人类学家经常把他们的结论建立在目前社区的生活经历上,然而考古学家主要通过残存的物质研究过去社会——建筑、工具和其他人工制品,这些构成了过去社会留下來的物质文化。

Nevertheless, one of the most important tasks for the archaeologist today is to know how to interpret material culture in human How were those pots used? Why are some dwellings round and others square? Here the methods of archaeology and ethnography Archaeologists in recent decades have developed ‘ethnoarchaeology’, where, like ethnographers, they live among contemporary communities, but with the specific purpose of learning how such societies use material culture — how they make their tools and weapons, why they build their settlements where they do, and so Moreover, archaeology has an active role to play in the field of Heritage studies constitutes a developing field, where it is realised that the world’s cultural heritage is a diminishing resource which holds different meanings for different

然而,今天的考古学家最重要的任务之一就是知道如何解读从前的物质文化。那些罐子是怎么用的?为什么有些住所是圆形的,而有些是方形的?在这里,考古学和人种学的方法重合了。几十年来,考古学家延伸出了种族文化考古学,和人种学者一样,他们住在当代的社区中,但是他们带着特定的目的,就是要了解社会是如何使用物质文化的,比如人们是怎样制造工具和武器,人们为什么要在现在的地方建立住所,等等。而且,考古学在保护遗址方面起了积极的作用。传统研究构成了一个不断发展的领域,在这个领域里,人们认识到世界的文化遗产是一个正在减少的资源,这一资源对不同的人们有着不同的意义。

If, then, archaeology deals with the past, in what way does it differ from history? In the broadest sense, just as archaeology is an aspect of anthropology, so too is it a part of history — where we mean the whole history of humankind from its beginnings over three million years Indeed, for more than ninety-nine per cent of that huge span of time, archaeology — the study of past material culture — is the only significant source of Conventional historical sources begin only with the introduction of written records around 3,000 BC in western Asia, and much later in most other parts of the

如果考古学只研究过去,那么它有什么是区别于历史学的呢?就最广义的意义而言,考古学是人类学的一个方面,同时也是历史学的一部分,在这里的历史是指3百万年前人类产生以来的所有人类历史。实际上,在那段漫长的岁月里,超过99%的时间,考古学这一研究过去的物质文化的学科是惟一有意义的信息资源。传统的历史始于公元前3000左右西亚的文字记载,而世界的其他大多数地区的历史要比这晚很多。

A commonly drawn distinction is between pre-history, the period before written records — and history in the narrow sense, meaning the study of the past using written To archaeology, which studies all cultures and periods, whether with or without writing, the distinction between history and pre-history is a convenient dividing line that recognises the importance of the written word, but in no way lessens the importance of the useful information contained in oral

人们一般是这样把人类的历史一分为二的:史前(即文字记录出现以前的时期)和狭义的历史即有文字见证的这段历史。对于研究所有文化和所有时期的考古学而言,不管有没有文字,历史和史前的区别只是承认文字重要性的传统分界线,绝不会减少包含在口述史中有用信息的重要性。

Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study, and since it deals with the human past, it is a historical But it differs from the study of written history in a fundamental The material the archaeologist finds does not tell us directly what to Historical records make statements, offer opinions and pass The objects the archaeologists discover, on the other hand, tell us nothing directly in In this respect, the practice of the archaeologist is rather like that of the scientist, who collects data, conducts experiments, formulates a hypothesis, tests the hypothesis against more data, and then, in conclusion, devises a model that seems best to summarise the pattern observed in the The archaeologist has to develop a picture of the past, just as the scientist has to develop a coherent view of the natural

由于考古学的目的是理解人类,所以它是一个人文主义的学科。而且,由于考古学研究的是人类的过去,所以它是一个有关历史的学科,但是它在根本上区别于文字历史的研究。考古学家发现的物质不会直接告诉我们去思考什么。历史记载是一种声明,意见及评判。在另一方面,考古学家发现的物体本身并未直接吿诉我们什么。从这个角度来说,考古学家的实践更像科学家的实践。科学家收集数据,进行实验,提出假设,用更多的数据验证假设,然后得出结论,设计模型,而这一模型看起来最适合总结在数据中观察到的模式。而考古学家需要描画出关于过去的一幅图画,正如科学家需要建立一个关于自然世界的连贯的思维框架。

Passage3

参考译文

The Problem of Scarce Resources

稀缺资源的问题

Section A

The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new Every health system in an economically developed society is faced with the need to decide (either formally or informally) what proportion of the community’s total resources should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be apportioned; what diseases and disabilities and which forms of treatment are to be given priority; which members of the community are to be given special consideration in respect of their health needs; and which forms of treatment are the most

A

卫生保健资源应该如何分配或指定以保证它们能以最公平、最有效的方式分布,这个问题已经不算新了。在经济发达的社会,每一个卫生系统都需要做出决定(正式或非正式):在卫生保健方面投入资源应占社会全部资源的多大比例?这些资源应该如何分配?什么样的疾病和残疾以及什么形式的治疗应该享有优先权?社会中的哪部分成员应该在卫生需求方面给予特别关照?什么形式的治疗是最节省成本的?

Section B

What is new is that, from the 1950s onwards, there have been certain general changes in outlook about the finitude of resources as a whole and of health-care resources in particular, as well as more specific changes regarding the clientele of health-care resources and the cost to the community of those Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were ‘limits to growth’. The new consciousness that there were also severe limits to health-care resources was part of this general revelation of the Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the ‘invisible hand’ of economic progress would

B

新近的发展是,自20世纪50年代以来,人们看待资源有限性及卫生资源有限性的态度都有了总体的改变,另外关于使用卫生资源的用户和社区所需做出的开支方面也有了具体的变化。在20世纪50年代和60年代,西方社会意识到:化石燃料能源的供应资源是有限的,并能被耗尽,自然界或环境维持经济发展和人口增长的能力也是有限的。换句话说,我们开始意识到一个显而易见的事实,就是增长是有限制的。卫生保健资源同样也会有一些限制的新观念就是这个显而易见的亊实的一部分。回溯起来,有一个观点现在看来不可思议:在1939年到1945年的世界大战结束后的几年内,很多国家建立了国民卫生体系,人们认为这样的国民卫生体系至少在理论上能够满足任何人群的所有基础卫生需求,经济增长中“看不见的手”将提供一切所需。

Section C

However, at exactly the same time as this new realisation of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human Like education, political and legal processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport and money supply, health-care came to be seen as one of the fundamental social facilities necessary for people to exercise their other rights as autonomous human People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a context of law and In the same way, basic health-care is a condition of the exercise of

C

然而,就在这种认为卫生资源是有限的新思想销声匿迹的同时,一种相反的思想在西方社会发展起来了。这种思想认为享受卫生保健是人们的一项基本权利,而这种权利是人们正常生活的必要条件。像教育、政治程序、法律程序、机构、公共秩序、沟通、交通和金钱供给一样,卫生保健被看作是人们行使作为自治人类的权利的必需的一项基本社会的设施。如果为贫穷而苦恼,或者被剥夺了基础教育,或者没有生活在法律法规的框架下,那么人们就不能拥有个人自由,自主行事。同样,基础卫生保健也是人实现自由的一个条件。

Section D

Although the language of ‘rights’ sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was recognised in most societies that people have a right to health-care (though there has been considerable resistance in the United States to the idea that there is a formal right to health-care). It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is Put another way, basic health-care is now recognised as a ‘public good’, rather than a ‘private good’ that one is expected to buy for As the 1976 declaration of the World Health Organisation put it: ‘The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social ’ As has just been remarked, in a liberal society basic health is seen as one of the indispensable conditions for the exercise of personal

D

虽然权利这个词有时在语言上会混淆,但是到20世纪70年代晚期,大多数社会都承认人们有享受卫生保健的权利(虽然在美国,人们享有卫生保健的正式权利这一观点受到了相当大的抵触)。还有一个观点也是被普遍接受的:这种权利使得国家有义务有责任确保从公共预算中划拨足够的资金提供卫生服务。国家本身没有义务去建立卫生健康体系,但是有义务去保证这样一个体系的存在。换句话说,基础卫生保健是一种公共产品,而不是需要花钱去购买的私人产品。世界卫生组织在1976年的宣言中写道;“享受可能达到的最髙标准的健康是每一个人的基本权利,不因种族、宗教、政治信仰、经济或社会情境而异。”正如刚才所提到的,在一个自由的社会,基础卫生是行使个人自治的一个必不可少的条件。

Section E

Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of health-care resources stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most OECD1 countries, accompanied by large-scale demographic and social changes which have meant, to take one example, that elderly people are now major (and relatively very expensive) consumers of health-care Thus in OECD countries as a whole, health costs increased from % of GDP2 in 1960 to 7% of GDP in 1980, and it has been predicted that the proportion of health costs to GDP will continue to (In the US the current figure is about 12% of GDP, and in Australia about % of )

E

当卫生保健资源不能满足需求的这一现象比较明显的时候,人们要求国家满足他们享有卫生保健的这一基本权利。大规模的人口数量及社会的变化导致大多数经济合作发展组织的国家的卫生费用急剧增加,这再一次引发了一系列改变,使人们开始关注医疗卫生资源的分配问题。例如,老年人现在是最主要的(相对来说也是最昂贵的)卫生健康资源消费者。在欧共体总体中,健康资源的消费从I960年占GDP的%到1980年的7%,而且这一增长趋势将会持续。(在美国,目前的数字是占GDP的12%,澳大利亚是%)。

As a consequence, during the 1980s a kind of doomsday scenario (analogous to similar doomsday extrapolations about energy needs and fossil fuels or about population increases) was projected by health administrators, economists and In this scenario, ever-rising health costs were matched against static or declining

结果,在20世纪80年代在各国卫生部长、经济学家和政治家身中都出现了一股极度的悲观情绪(和以往人们的悲观推测类似,比如关于能源需求和燃料问题,或是人口增长问题)在这样的论调中,他们认为资源是稳定的或是减少的,而医疗费用却是不断上涨的。

雅思阅读答案 第24篇

但凡接触过雅思真题或曾经亲历雅思考场的考生大多对TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN (另一种写法为YES/NO/NOT GIVEN)的题型颇有印象,原因有二:

一是此题型在考场上出现频率极高,仅以20XX年为例,全年48场雅思考试场场都有此题型的身影;

二是此题型虽然备选项只有三个,答题命中率在理论上比四选一的单选题还高,却颇不容易全盘做对。

下面笔者将带领读者一起来仔细认识与分析雅思阅读判定题的概念、套路、难点和解决之道。

雅思判断题的定义

理解判断题的第一步是理解TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN的定义,逐一分析如下:

TRUE (YES)的定义为the statement agrees with the information/the views (claims) of the writer,即“此说法与原文信息/作者的观点或主张相符”。这里的重点信息在于agree with的概念,此选项并非要求题干与原文的内容一模一样,而只要符合原文信息即可。

举个例子说明,原文句子说“这个女生长得很漂亮”,那么题干说“这个女生长得很好看”或“这小姑娘长相真是还可以”都是与原文信息相符,此时考生要选TRUE (YES)。

FALSE (NO)的定义为the statement contradicts the information,即“如果此说法与原文信息相矛盾和抵触”。这里的重点信息在于contradict一词:contra是“相反”“相违背”的意思,dict则是“陈述”“说明”的意思。也就是说,应选FALSE的题干与原文信息是相矛盾、相违背、相抵触的,原文中给出的已知信息可以直接或经过合理推理否定掉题干的内容。

比如,原文说“这个女生长得很漂亮”,那题干说“这姑娘长得真丑”就是错误的,或者题干说“这位小娘子貌似无颜”,也是错误的。

NOT GIVEN的定义为there is no information on this/it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this,即“此说法在原文中找不到”或“没法知道作者对此是怎么看的”。许多考生都将此视为最麻烦的一个选项,因为如果不能把整篇文章都看完并且看懂,每个NOT GIVEN的选项都是在惴惴不安的心情中写下的。

NOT GIVEN的情况其实可以分为以下两种:

① 原文中完全没有提及题干所说的相关内容,不过这种完全无中生有的题目比较罕见;

② 原文中提到的相关信息与题干内容不属于同一个范围或性质。

比如题干说“这个女生长得很好看”,而原文中提到的与“此女生”有关的内容是“这个女生是个善良的好孩子,这种情况下,长相和个性虽然都是在描述这个女生,但两者既不一致也不矛盾,此时考生应选NOT GIVEN。

雅思判定题出题套路

判断题的逻辑其实不难理解,但许多考生依然烦恼:看定义貌似懂了,一到做题的时候还是纠结不已。这跟考生的单词量、语法基础、长难句分析能力和思维习惯等方面都有关系。不过总结起来,每个选项的出题还是有一定套路的。

以下笔者来一一详述。

TRUE (YES)的出题套路

① 直接说对

“直接说对”指的是题干的意思与原文定位到的句子只是简单的同义替换,考生能直接判断题干所说与原文信息相符。

这样的题目其实是在考查考生的单词量大小,因为题干会使用不同的词汇对原文进行同义替换。

比如题干说long-term medical complaints,原文说chronic illnesses,考生就不但要认识long-term与chronic是同义替换关系,而且要明白medical与complaint组合在一起并不是“医疗投诉、医疗纠纷”这类意思,而是作为一个词组表示“疾病”。

备考此类题目的最好策略就是补充单词和词组。而备考的最好材料莫过于《剑桥雅思考试全真试题集》(以下简称《剑4》《剑5》等)系列。考生多看几篇以往的真题就会发现,有许多词汇和词组会高频地出现在不同题材的文章里,因此仔细研读真题文章中的生词能有效帮助解决词汇的问题。

② 间接说对

“间接说对”指的是有些题干需要根据原文某句话或几句话进行简单推理或综合理解才能判断其是TRUE (YES)。

应对此种情况,考生在读文章时请务必耐心一些,在定位到某句话而不能充分判断时,需根据情况补充上句话的背景信息或追加下句话的进一步信息,进而得出更准确的结论。

以下面这个真题为例。

例1:The survey concluded that one-fifth or 20% of the household transport requirement as outside the local (《剑七》Test 2 Passage 3第34题)

原文:Interesting facts regarding transport were found: 95% was on foot; 80% was within the locality; and 70% was related to the collection of water and firewood and travelling to grinding

解析:在定位到的原文句子里,考生虽然不能直接找到题干中的20%,但从原文中可以看出“本地范围内占80%”(80% was within the locality),就可以推断出“本地范围外有20%”,由此得出本题应选TRUE。

③ 复杂同义表述

“复杂同义表述”指的是题干与定位到的原文句子同义替换更多更复杂,原文的表述方式也更曲折迂回,语序不符合中文读者理解习惯,考生有可能受自身语言能力所限看不出来题干与原文是同义替换。

针对此种情况,考生可以在考场上先跳过此题,集中精力解决其它更有把握的题目,以保证整体得分;也可以在平时备考中注意练习精读分析能力,让自己见多识广,看到多长的句子都心中不怵,能从容应对。

例2:Nineteenth-century studies of the nature of genius failed to take into account the uniqueness of the person’s (《剑8》Test 3 Passage 2第19题)

原文:However, the difficulty with the evidence produced by these studies, fascinating as they are in collecting together anecdotes and apparent similarities and exceptions, is that they are not what we would today call In other words, when, for instance, information is collated about early illnesses, methods of upbringing, schooling, , we must also take into account information from other historical sources about how common or exceptional these were at the

译文:但是,虽然(19世纪的)这些研究在收集汇总天才们的人生轶事以及他们之间显著的相似和与众不同这些方面颇为引人入胜,然而使用这些证据的困难之处在于,它们并不是我们今天所说的“常模参照”研究。换句话说,例如当我们收集关于早期疾病、儿童抚养方法、学校教育等信息时,我们必须也同时参考来自其他历史记载中的相关信息,考察这些情况在当时究竟是常见还是少见的。

解析:本题的题干是说“19世纪里对天才本质的研究没能考虑到此人养育方式的独特与否”,而从定位到的原文的译文可知,早期的研究确实没有考虑这些儿童养育方法等问题,由此本题应选TRUE。

这是一个利用长难句来考查考生阅读理解能力的典型例子,难度同时在于单词和耐心两处,很多考生都觉得,连读中文译文都有点不耐烦,要理解包含若干陌生单词的英语长句就更难了。

对此,考生最好的应对之道就是培养耐心,认真看。平时认真分析精读长难句,熟悉长难句的句式结构,在考场上就更能轻松地应对。

FALSE (NO)的出题套路

① 直接、明显的矛盾和抵触

有的题干与定位到的原文是明显的矛盾抵触关系,此时考生应选FALSE/NO选项。请看下面这个例子。

例3:Current thinking on humour has largely ignored Aristotle’s view on the (《剑5》Test 2 Passage 2第17题)

原文:But modern humour theorists have settled on some version of Aristotle’s belief that jokes are based on a reaction to or resolution of incongruity, when the punchline is either a nonsense or, though appearing silly, has a clever second

解析:虽然这道题定位到的原文句子生词很多,句子很长,但是对于“Aristotle’s belief that …”后面的东西考生通通不用看。考生需要弄清楚的是,现在对幽默的研究有没有忽略亚里士多德(Aristotle)的观点,有这个原文中的settle on (选定)就可以直接判断出,题干与原文是相互矛盾与抵触的。

② 间接不明显的矛盾和抵触

这种出题思路需要考生根据定位到的原文句子进行推断才能发现题干与原文的矛盾之处。这一题型专门用于对付那些想偷个小懒只找词汇的同义替换而不管整个句子到底在说什么的考生。请牢记:句子永远大于单独的词汇,不能只看单词而不管句子意思或上下文中的衔接关系。来看一个经典例子。

例4:The 1993 Sydney survey involved 289 patients who visited alternative therapists for acupuncture (《剑4》Test 2 Passage 2第22题)

原文:In 1993, Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended eight alternative therapists’ practices in These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25

解析:很多考生定位到上述原文句子之后,因为在原文句子中没有找到acupuncture (针灸疗法)这个不认识的词而选了NOT GIVEN选项。然而这里的两句话所给出的内容其实是可以否定掉题干的。从原文的意思可知,1993年悉尼调查里确实有289个病人,这些病人接受了八家诊所由25位治疗师提供的a wide range of (一系列)的治疗。换言之,这289位病人接受了各种治疗,由此可以反推知道他们接受的一定不是任何单一的治疗,而题干则说这289位病人接受的都是针灸疗法这一种,与原文产生矛盾,应选FALSE。

NOT GIVEN的出题套路

① 原文和题干的描述性质不同

这种出题思路对考生的英语阅读和理解水平要求都较高,因此按照这种思路出的题往往会让考生感到难以判断。举例说明,冷水与热水是矛盾的,因为它们都在描述“水的温度”这个属性;然而冷水与茶水则既不能说一致,也不能说彼此矛盾:这两者一个在说水的温度,另一个则说水的状态,此时考生应该选择NOT GIVEN。请看下面一个例子。

例5:Plato believed humour to be a sign of above-average (《剑5》Test 2 Passage 2第15题)

原文:Plato expressed the idea that humour is simply a delighted feeling of superiority over

解析:对比题干与定位到的原文,两者确实都是在说柏拉图对“幽默是什么”的表述,但原文说“幽默是感觉”,题干说“幽默是智商”,感觉和智商的性质不同,但并不彼此矛盾,此时考生应选NOT GIVEN。

② 把观点当事实,或把事实当观点

事实是客观的而观点是主观的,这二者既不一致也不矛盾。“某个人对于某件事怎么想”既不能等同于也不能否定掉这件事的客观定性。同理,客观定了性的某件事未必就意味着特定的某个人也是这么想。考生应该将事实与观点区分开。请看下面这个例子。

例6:The Lumiere Brothers’ film about the train was one of the greatest films ever (《剑6》Test 3 Passage 1第7题)

原文:One of the Lumiere Brothers’ earliest films was a 30-second piece which showed a section of a railway platform flooded with A train appears and heads straight for the And that is all that Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists, described the film as a ‘work of ’

解析:对比原文和题干,考生应该明白,原文说“最伟大的导演之一安德烈·塔可夫斯基(Andrei Tarkovsky)认为这部电影是天才之作”既不能等同于题干的“这部电影确实是最伟大的作品之一”,也无法否定掉题干的说法,因此此题只能选NOT GIVEN这项。

③ 把原文里出现的两个没有进行比较的内容放在一起比较

这种出题思路主要针对的是某些考生在考试中出现疲惫、马虎的心理,只单纯在原文中找到几个题干里的关键词就匆忙认为都被提及或表述一致,最终因为忽略了整句的意思而导致错选。

例7:Early peoples found it easier to count by using their fingers rather than a group of (《剑6》Test 2 Passage 3第40题)

原文:Counting is not directly related to the formation of a number concept because it is possible to count by matching the items being counted against a group of pebbles, grains of corn, or the counter’s

解析:此题的题干是将用手指数数与用石头数数进行了对比,然而在定位到的原文中却没有进行此种比较。这种“没有比较的比较”算是比较常见的NOT GIVEN选项的出题套路。

难点与解决之道

判断题的难点主要包括以下几点:

考生单词量不足,导致不能正确理解题干和原文

单词量不够并不仅仅是考生在应对判断题时所面临的问题,它是一个在所有英语考试中都令考生头疼的一个根本性问题。积累单词没有什么捷径,唯有少量多次、稳步积累、不断复习、巩固强化。一个人无论记忆力多么超乎常人,也不大可能日背千词、过目不忘。而制订合理的背单词计划,考生哪怕每天只补充10~20个单词,只要坚持下去,日积月累也能收获回报。

考生对单词意思了解不足,导致理解错误

部分考生在背诵单词时只记中文释义,不结合例句来理解,这样即使强记下了单词意思,却往往会导致对单词的意思了解不足。

例如,contemporary一词的释义是“当代的,现代的”,但要注意:不是只有我们的当下才能称为“当代”,任何一个给定时间点都有自己的“当代”,比如,与李白contemporary的人有杜甫,与莎士比亚contemporary的人有伊丽莎白一世女王。如果看到这个单词就将它等同于modern来理解,就有可能因为误解而做出错误选择。

如何避免出现这样的情况呢?

最好的办法莫过于对剑桥雅思真题里的文章进行仔细分析和精读,在语境下真正弄懂单词、词组和固定搭配的用法,储备真正掌握了的词汇来应对考试。

考生读题马虎,过度推理,导致误解了题干或原文句子

这个问题其实最不应该发生在考场上,却往往是考生容易“大意失荆州”之处。举个笔者的学生曾经产生过误解的例子:“Archaeology is a more demanding field of study than ” 这个题干原本表达的意思是“考古学是一门比人类学更加艰深的研究领域”,笔者的学生却曾将它理解成“考古学比人类学需要做更多的田野调查”,出现这个问题的原因是考生将field与study之间的那个of看漏了。

这样的问题该如何克服?

考生可以通过加大平时的英文阅读量来解决,熟能生巧,读得多了就能准确而快速地理解所读英文的真正意思。

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